Social Impact Assessment free essay sample

Definition SIA first emerged in the 1970s in the U. S, as a way to assess the impacts on society of certain development schemes and projects before they go ahead for example, new roads, industrial facilities, mines, dams, ports, airports, and other infrastructure projects. It has been incorporated since into the formal planning and approval processes in several countries, in order to categorise and assess how major developments may affect populations, groups, and settlements. SIA is often carried out as part of, or in addition to, Environmental Impact Assessment, but it has not yet been as widely adopted as EIA in formal planning systems, often playing a minor role in combined environmental and social assessments. As to standard definition Social impact assessment includes the processes of analysing, monitoring and managing the intended and unintended social consequences, both positive and negative, of planned interventions (policies, programs, plans, projects) and any social change processes invoked by those interventions. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Impact Assessment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its primary purpose is to bring about a more sustainable and equitable biophysical and human environment. (International Association for Impact Assessment) A substantial academic literature has developed around the techniques and the application of SIA, and it is widely taught and practiced. Major consultancy firms offer SIA expertise (which could be offered to developers, governments, or campaign organisations). They, and individual skilled practitioners and academics are often called upon to produce SIA reports, particularly in advance of proposed new infrastructure projects. The academic backgrounds of SIA practitioners are diverse, but may include applied sociology, anthropology, geography, development studies, and planning. SIA overlaps substantially with the current interest in monitoring and evaluation (ME). ME is carried out after a project or development has gone ahead, to assess impacts and to see how well its goals were met. Evaluation is particularly important in the areas of 1. public policy, 2. health and education initiatives, and 3. international development projects more generally, whether conducted by governments, international donors, or NGOs. In all these sectors, there is a case for conducting SIA and evaluations at different stages. There is a growing concern that projects of all types (from large dams to the work of small rural development NGOs), are efficiently conducted, do not disadvantage local people, and do not generate negative social and environmental impacts. Increasingly, there is also a concern that non-experts and local people participate in the design and implementation of proposed developments or programmes. This can be achieved in the process of doing an SIA, through adopting a participatory and democratic research process.

Gillian Clark And The Subject Matter Of Her Poetry Essays

Gillian Clark And The Subject Matter Of Her Poetry Essays Gillian Clark And The Subject Matter Of Her Poetry Gillian Clarke is obviously a poet of her locality - Wales, and she also writes in her poems of what it's like to be a woman. In this essay I intend to show whether or not her awareness of this affects the subject matter of her poetry. Gillian Clarke being a woman might affect the subject matter of her poetry, because in the poem: Letter from a far country, Gillian Clarke undoubtedly uses the idea of what its like to be a woman to get her point across. She says in her poem that basically women do great things but these are not always appreciated my males, because men do not see these tasks as being great. Clarke for instance obviously believes that the tasks she does at home are extremely important. I move in and of the hive all day, harvesting, ordering. Clarke obviously believes she brings order to a mess in her household, which is in her eyes a important task which is not always appreciated by men. Gillian Clarke being a woman might not affect the subject matter of her poetry because in the majority of her other poems she does not mention the theme of women. Indeed, except for Letter from a far country, and a slight theme which I feel significant in East Moors, Gillian Clarke does not mention the theme of women. So therefore one could say that Clarke being a woman does not overly affect the subject matter of her poetry. Gillian Clarke being Welsh may have a dramatic impact on the subject matter of her poetry. One example could basically be the title Miracle on St David's Day. Now I see this title as being significant because if Gillian Clarke was English she would not have written a poem entitled miracle on St David's Day. Also, Clarke's being Welsh might affect the subject matter of her poems because, in East Moors, she writes about how a steel works has shut down and how it has affected the community and how many people have lossed their jobs. For instance it is obvious that unemployment will be quite high, Clarke mentions Lethargy settles in front rooms and wives have lined up little jobs for men to do. Boredom is obviously a major problem after the community's biggest employer closed down and women have prepared tasks for the men. If Gillian Clarke was not Welsh she would not have written a poem of this nature. However one may argue that, Gillian Clarke being Welsh does not have a significance on the way she has written her poems. People could say that Gillian Clarke in fact only wrote East Moors, because it had a strong impact on her community, and if she had been say for instance a Newcastle native and a similar community tragedy had occurred she would also have written of it. Also if you think about it Gillian Clarke does not mention the fact that she is Welsh in the majority of her poems. However someone could say that although she does not use the theme of Wales in the majority of her poems she still uses some Welsh Language in them. For instance in Last Rites, where she writes of a young man being killed in a road accident, even though she does not say she is Welsh in the poem, she uses the word cariad, which shows that she being Welsh has a significance on her poetry. On conclusion, I would have to say that Gillian Clarke being Welsh and being a woman does have an affect on the subject matter of her poetry because in her most significant poems she uses the fact that she is a woman and that she is Welsh. If Gillian Clarke did not emphasise the fact that she is a woman then she would not have been able to write Letter from a far country, and if she was not emphasising the fact that she was Welsh she would not have written East Moors, or Miracle on St David's Day, which uses imagery of daffodils (the Welsh emblem) to the same affect.

English 2 Lesson 6 and 7 Assignments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

English 2 Lesson 6 and 7 Assignments - Essay Example Both: Talented, Athletic, Adventurous, Fun Loving. 2. At different times in A Separate Peace the weather seems to signal a change in the atmosphere of the action. Make a list of three specific weather descriptions from the novel. (You can use page references along with your description if appropriate.) Then, list the corresponding action in the plot. Weather Description: (Pg. 72) "In the air there was only an edge of coolness to imply the coming winter. Plot Developments: Things have changed at Devon, but it's as if Gene and Finny are in a holding pattern. The ease of the summer session is gone, but the horrible events that follow in the winter are still a far way off. Weather Description: (Pg. 12) † A little fog hung over the river so that as I neared it I felt myself becoming isolated from everything except the river and the few trees beside it. The wind was blowing more steadily here, and I was beginning to feel cold.† Plot Developments: Gene describes the weather when he returns to Devon in search of the tree that was the basis of the jump initiation rite of the Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session that they had formed back in 1942. Weather Description: One bleak winter Saturday, Finny proposes the boys hold â€Å"The Devon Winter Carnival.† (Chapter 8). ... What does it symbolize when Finny opens the carnival by burning a copy of The Iliad? Why is it ironic that the Carnival ends with the arrival of Leper's telegram announcing his escape? Use at least two specific details from the novel to support your ideas. Now that Finny has a setback with his broken leg, he wants to train Gene into becoming an athlete and achieving the goals he had set for himself. Always jealous of Finny, Gene is now at peace with himself for taking over this role and considers that he has achieved something. They have decided to celebrate the onset of winter by holding a carnival but the arrival of Leper’s telegram stating that he had escaped the war is disheartening because it seems that none of them are ready to face the realities of life in the real world. Finny’s burning of the Iliad which they had read all summer signifies that the summer has indeed ended and they must prepare for a change in weather (Knowles, Chapter 8). 4. High school students are still reading A Separate Peace more than forty years after its publication. Compose an essay describing what you think the book's enduring relevance is. What do the characters and the conflict say to people today? Do you imagine the book will retain its relevance in the future? Use at least two specific examples from the book to support your ideas. To me the enduring significance of the novel is that it is a coming of age story that is endearing and wonderfully told. It will especially appeal to the male psyche because it shows exactly how boys in a boarding school would behave at that age. The sense of aloofness and loneliness that characterizes their lives at this point could well have been the feelings of a major part of society in those war driven times. Humanity does not like distress

Athenian democratic system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Athenian democratic system - Essay Example In the 5th century, BC Athens experimented direct democracy, this type of democracy system has two preconditions, a small community that is capable of attending debates and voting on issues, secondly, the economy of the community must give its citizens leisure to engage in politics and this type of democracy has rarely been attempted anywhere. The population of Athens conducted a census on the number of slaves and metrics, during the 4th century BC, the population of Athens comprised of some 300,000 people and city families amounted to 100,000 people 30,000 were male citizens, this increased in the 5th century BC which comprised of as high as 60,000 of male citizens. This is not in line with the preconditions for the set system of democracy that require a small community. In the 5th century, there were no limits on the power exercised by the assembly, if the assembly broke the law the only thing that would happen is to punish those who had agreed to the proposal. In the voting exerci se in this century voting required that one be physically present and voting was usually by show of hand, and due to a large number of people attending the people were divided into Quorum of 6000 people and given colored balls, this would increase irregularities in the voting process.In the same century, 10 fixed assemblies were introduced per year but later more meetings that were not fixed were introduced, political trials were introduced which were conducted in assemblies rather than in court.... In the voting exercise in this century voting required that one be physically present and voting was usually by show of hand, and due to the large umber of people attending the people were divided into Quorum of 6000 people and given colored balls, this would increase irregularities in the voting process. In the same century 10 fixed assemblies were introduced per year but later more meetings that were not fixed were introduced, political trials were introduced which were conducted in assemblies rather than in court. Attendance into assemblies was allowing only the first 6000 people to arrive and they had to pay. There was also the introduction of the law that excluded citizens who had property close to the city wall on the basis that they had influences on the outcomes of debates; this was because the practice of an invading army was at this time. This is evident in the attempt to name those who were did not participate in politics as 'idiots' meaning a person who is not interested in politics. In 406 BC an invasion of Sicily was carried out and although they won a group of generals refused to collect survivors, they were tried and sentenced together instead of one by one; they repented later and made up this by executing those who had executed the generals. Two coups interrupted the democratic rule and they are named by numbers in control and this was the four hundred in 411BC and the thirty in 404 BC. The new democracy established in 403 BC was less capable of rapid response to issues; the new democratic system involved responsibility was shifting from the assembly to the court, law being made by jurors and the decisions of

Pharmacy Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pharmacy - Personal Statement Example Initially, I was intrigued and perplexed of how drugs could make a person lose his or her life; after all, I was regularly given medicine to remedy occasional flu and fever. Nevertheless, with time, I have come to understand why I was taking a spoonful of medicine rather than a whole bottle and why taking an overdose is lethal. As I proceeded to secondary school, the science subjects helped me to gain knowledge on the uses and benefits of medicine, and why medicines should be utilized safely and efficiently. Fortunately, such cases of a drug overdose are rare and accidental as most people use medication as a straightforward remedy to their illnesses. Other patients with complicated illnesses are required to take a â€Å"cocktail of medications† and will have to battle the side effects, expenses, and risks of non-adherence. This is what brings the art and science of pharmacy into life as one has to motivate the patients to continue with medication and collaborate with health care providers so as find the suitable course of treatment in managing the disease devoid of compromising their quality of life (Galiano 2001, p.38). Between 2008 and 2012, I served in the librarian board, while, in 2012, I was the head of the digital department. I also actively engaged in other favourable pastimes including sport, whereby I have been a state player for golf between 2010 and 2011 and bowling between 2009 and 2010, besides engaging in extracurricular activities such as undertaking a course in advanced baking (2012) and bread and flour confectionery (2011). In early 2014, I also volunteered programme in Tzu Chi as an assistant to a pharmacist in a community dispensary. The placement aided me to attain vast knowledge on various drugs, their characteristics and classes, functions, and side effects. Most importantly, I gained insights regarding prominent drugs to treat prevalent diseases in the

Inequalities In Workplace Due To Gender Sociology Essay

Inequalities In Workplace Due To Gender Sociology Essay The nature of inequalities between men and women dates back to the sociologist view of Emile Durkheim, and the idea of social facts and the essence of an individuals ability to act independently of the obstacles that deter from their personal right of achieving social equality (Ferrante 5). As Durkheim lay the groundwork for gender inequalities in society, the inequalities in leadership roles in the workplace are also in turn modeled by a societys hierarchical structure or choice of social agency. Furthermore, the patriarchal social structure in the workforce in which women are seen as inferior is perpetuated by the collective social belief of female inferiority and a male dominance of power, as created by a mutual interaction between men and women. Since the womens rights movement, the presence of women in the workforce has been increasing greatly, but discrimination and inequality in earnings is still prevalent in leadership positions. The nature of gender inequalities in society h ave laid the foundation for a structured system of inequality in the workforce while simultaneously reinforcing the social construct of male dominance and the psychological belief of self inferiority in females. The nature of gender inequalities in leadership positions can be partially attributed to the viewpoint of Emile Durkheim in relation to social facts and the effect of a social structure that invests most power in males. Werner J. Cahnman and Joseph Maiers article on sociologist, Emile Durkheim, in the Encyclopaedia Judaica, highlights Durkheims inquiries on social inequalities that are still prevalent today. Durkheims legacy was partially created by the connection he made between a social fact and its affect on societal structures, such as occupational status. According to Durkheim, because society is above man and penetrates man [at the same time], it is ultimately the only thing that has the power to [. . .] submit them to rules of conduct, to privations, and to the kind of sacrifice without which society would be impossible (Cahnman and Maier 63). Durkheim suggests that the individual of society experiences an indirect dependence by focusing his attention on everything essential t o the maintenance of society: its principle norms, values, institutions, its sacred symbols, and as a result, they are subject to obey the popular belief of a hierarchical structure. This in turn leads to a distinct gender inequality between men and women (Cahnman and Maier 63). The opposing force of an authoritative societal structure is agency. According to writers Terri Apter and Elizabeth Garnsey of the Womens Studies International Forum, the sociological debate of structure and agency emphasizes the individuals capacity to act independently of structural constraints (20). Whereas Durkheim suggested that society maintains stability and structure through the individuals submission to structure, agency advocates for the individual to be an active participant in society and face the constraints of society head on. As women are constantly perceived as inadequate active citizens in their society, they have learned to internalize the social constraints and reinforce the perception of females in society as the inferior counterpart of males. The nature behind this hierarchical social structure that gives way to gender inequalities in the workforce is partially affected by psychological constraints that women experience through the structural constraints of society. Apter and Garnsey explain that social actions refer to the interactions and mutuality of experiences between the participants of society to formulate a common belief stemming from constructional constraints in society (19). Furthermore, as the belief of male superiority and female inferiority is formulated as a common conception, the womans failure to act independently of social constraints prevents [her] from asserting their rights and successfully challenging the status quo in which [she] has an unequal share (Apter and Garnsey 21). Women have been socialized to accept social constraints, causing an overall lack of agency that is essential to obtaining positions at the top of the hierarchical social structure. Societal gender inequalities were first formulat ed centuries ago, with causes stemming from social constraints working against women as enforced by the male dominance and the females submission to the societys structural hierarchies. The American Psychological Association released the article, Role Congruity Theory of Prejudice Toward Female Leaders in the Psychological Review in July of 2002, to highlight the blatant prejudices toward women in leadership positions, as well as the obstacles women face in their endeavor to reach the top. Researchers Alice H. Eagly and Steven J. Karau state in this article that leadership has been predominantly a male prerogative in corporate, political, military, and other sectors of society and although women have, indeed, gained increased access to supervisory and middle management positions, they continue to remain quite rare as elite leaders and top executives (575). While women have come far from the times before the Womens Rights movement, there is still room for improvement, as societal con straints continue to hinder a womans occupation of a leadership role in the workforce. The causes behind workforce gender inequality is undoubtedly a product of societal constraints that inhibit a womans upward strive to leadership. The belief of male superiority in the workforce is reinforced as the terms of male power rest on the assumption that society is structured to support male interests (Apter and Garnsey 19-20). This belief of male superiority has perpetuated a distinct gender segregation that has been a long acting force in nearly every aspect of a womans life, as prejudice against women causes and continues job segregation at work, while directly and indirectly men maintain that power in the home (Apter and Garnsey 21). Because women often are expected to stay home and help create a family unit, women are viewed as largely powerless when faced with such structures as the educational system and job segregation, which appear in crucial ways to embody male power (Apter and Garnsey 20). As a result, a females worth is often determined by the male population, and the possibility of success is limited. As social constraints block upward mobility, women have become socialized to psychologically limit themselves as a gender in their vocations, allowing the male gender to take on the role of superiority. This is emphasized by Apter and Garnsey in the Womens Studies International Forum suggests that women are seen from this perspective to take a shrewd measure of the cost of success in male terms in a male world and, accordingly, to choose different goals and other means of achieving them (20). This viewpoint suggests that the inequalities in gender are not only enforced by powerful male figures, but also by the female population instead. According to this perspective, if women freed themselves psychologically, if they changed their outlook, they could take action to remedy inequalities (Apter and Garnsey 20). As society has formulated a belief of female inferiority, the possibility in both a woman and mans mind of a woman reaching an elitist position of leadership in the workforce i s seen as completely unattainable. The main reason that perpetuates the job inequalities between men and women in the workforce can be attributed to the blatant discrimination of womens entrance into previously male dominated jobs. The article, Gender Inequality Across Local Wage Hierarchies by Matt L. Huffman explains this gender discrimination and the limitations of female workers. Huffman states that the explanation behind gender inequality jobs include a cultural devaluation of work done by women as well as the fact that hiring discrimination restricting womens access to some jobs inevitably results in occupational crowding that drives down pay in female-dominated jobs (324). Huffman accordingly inquires that another mechanism in perpetuating this inequality is in the ability of powerful groups (such as men) to monopolize the most powerful positions in organizations which can be found in jobs that ensue the highest skill requirements, opportunities for advancement, and/or chances to exercise authority (325). Huffm an furthers his argument by conceptually calling his claim a social closure process in which gender inequality is created and sustained through the allocation of women and men into positions that differ along key pay-related dimensions (325). Huffman argues that societies function to maintain the dominant groups interest by sustaining existing inequalities in workplace through power and rewards (325). This social closure process coincides with the sociological term the glass ceiling effect of which blocks womens social mobility into the upper levels in organizational hierarchies as it explains the constant limitation experienced by women in climbing the ladder of success when in competition with male authoritative figures. Accordingly, studies have shown that within the presence of the glass ceiling effect, increased inequality at high levels of an outcome, such as earnings and authority are often present as well (Huffman 326). The inequalities in the workforce can be best understoo d by the wage discrepancies between equal paying jobs of men and women, primarily in leadership positions. The findings from research in this particular area of study on gender inequalities show that there is a noticeable inconsistency between the earnings of men and women not only in equal job statuses, but primarily in positions of leadership as well. Two sociologists, Steven Sweet and Kimberly Baker, designed two learning modules to increase college students understandings of gender and racial inequalities in their intended vocations. The study supplied students with information and data from the census of that particular year, showing that the gender inequalities do exist in todays society and are extremely prevalent. The data show that women under-earn men in 94.1 percent of the students chosen occupations, in 91.1 percent of all occupations, and in 92.4 percent of upper tier occupations (Sweet and Baker 7). Accordingly, it is only found that within 5.5 percent of the students chosen careers, 8.4 percent of all careers, and 7.1 percent of upper tier careers that men and women make eq ual earnings today in America (Sweet and Baker 7). As shown in these statistics, it is nearly impossible to escape gender inequalities in the workforce throughout America. Furthermore, The Psychological Review shows research that coincides with this phenomenon as they collected an array of statistics pertaining to major leadership roles that consistently show inequality, namely: women constitute 4% of the five highest earning officers in Fortune 500 companies and 0. 4% of the CEOs (Catalyst, 2000); 13% of senators, 14% of congressional representatives, and 10% of state governors (Center for the American Woman and Politics, 2001); and 2% of military officers at the level of brigadier general and rear admiral or higher (U.S. Department of Defense, 1998) (Eagly and Karau 573). As the preceding statistics show, women representation in the elite power jobs is highly limited; despite the fact that the number of women in the workforce has been steadily increasing. According to the New York Times, throughout the 1900s and 2000s, and until this recession, women occupied less than 49 percent of the workforce. However, that percent has now crossed the 50 percent threshold for the first time (Mulligan). Yet despite this achievement, women make only 77.5 cents for every dollar that men earn and to further these facts, statistics show that as the amount of education a woman has increases, the greater the disparity will be that she will have to accommodate for; stating that women in specialty occupations were found to earn just 72.7 percent of what men in the same occupation were earning (Mulligan). Although womens rights have come a long way since the predating times of the Womens Rights Movement, there is still a blatantly obvious discrimination towards women in the workforce, hindering the gender from attaining the success that society has strictly deemed achievable for the male species only.

Anne Frank and Frederick Dougalss Essay example -- essays research pap

Anne Frank and Frederick Douglass Everyone has hope in something whether it is possible or seemingly impossible. Anne Frank and Frederick Douglass, among many differences and similarities, both had hope in something others may not have believed to be possible. They never gave up their hope that they so desperately clung to when they were in bondage.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anne Frank and Frederick Douglass were both held in bondage, each in a different way. Frank was kept from the public eye for fear she would be caught and killed by the Germans. Even before she went into hiding she had to abide by so many restrictions that she had no freedom at all. On the other hand, Douglass was born a slave and had never known what it was like to be free, kept in bondage by his master. Despite everything they both kept their hopes that they would be free one day and people would no longer discriminate against them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also, while Frank and Douglass were in bondage they had several people who helped them along the way. They couldn’t have made it without these helpers. Douglass had his master’s wife and the young white boys who helped him learn his alphabet and his basic reading. He also had the Underground Railroad abolitionist to help him on the road to freedom. Frank also had help from some friends of her dad, Kraler and Koophuis. They helped hide them and bring food and supplies to Frank and her family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In addition to having helpers, Frank and Douglass both were good writers. Even th...