Law of Banking and Financial Institutions Benchmark Assignment

Law of Banking and Financial Institutions Benchmark - Assignment Example However, the general process that applies under the New York law for the incorporation of a bank is that; first, the organizers file a notice of intent for forming the bank. This notification of resolved is required to contain all the names of the principal directors/owners of the bank and nature of capital set aside for the operation of the bank. Second, the law requires that the organizers serve the nearby banks with a notice informing them of the intended new bank to be set in the country or locality. Subsequently, the bank is required to have a minimum number of five incorporators and in its application describe the classes of stock that it wishes to register and trade. Additionally, in the event that the nature of the bank to be formed is under the management of private bankers, they would be required to pass a fitness test for banking, have a minimal permanent capital amount of $1 million, and not engage in any purchases of real estate’s investments. In addition, the general limit is set for real estate loans that they are allowed to in the event of an unimproved realty. This limit is two-thirds of the reality and three-quarters of the reality when it improves (Bender, 2012). The statutes also restrict the bank from having any dealings with similar businesses. In other instances, the organizers of the bank will need to organize regular meetings with the Comptroller of Currency’s office and attend informal conferences with regard to the application. Based on these meetings, the formal application of the bank will take place with the submission to the District Office where the bank will be situated. After this, the public opinion is sought for a period of 30 days from other parties of interest before the final declaration of the bank’s application status (Asser, 2001). Given that the application is satisfactory, the Comptroller issues a letter of preliminary approval. From the date of preliminary approval, the law requires that the  bank begin operations within 18 months.

To Kill a Mockingbird Research Allusion Essay Example for Free

To Kill a Mockingbird Research Allusion Essay In To Kill a Mockingbird allusions are used throughout the book. An allusion is a passing or casual reference; an incidental mention of something, either directly or by implication. In chapter 11 Scout uses the allusion, â€Å"this looks like you,† to try to cheer Jem up. It was referring to Dixie Hall. He was an American Football player. He played college football as a halfback at the University of Alabama from 1932 to 1934 and with the Washington Redskins of the NFL in 1937. Howell was also the head football coach at Arizona State Teachers College, from 1938 to 1941 and at the University of Idaho from 1947 to 1950, compiling a career coaching record of 36–35–5 in American college football. Dixie Howell was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1970. Howell was one of the best punters. Howell also had an uncredited role in the movie, The Adventures of Frank Merriwell as a football player. Scout’s allusion to Dixie Howell is to comfort Jem since he loves football. By telling him that Dixie Howell looks like him, she is telling him that he comes first and takes precedence over Dixie Howell who was a famous NFL football player and coach. This also shows Scouts deep understanding of Jem. although saying This looks like you may seem like a meaningless compliment, Scout knows that because of his love for football and how he is associated with it, this would be a major honor for him to have anything similar to one of the greatest football players at that time. That’s how the allusion is used in the book. Howell, Dixie. Dixie Howell ENotes.com Reference. Enotes.com. Enotes.com, n.d. Web. 16 Sept. 2012. .

Our Own Words: A Studentss Guide to First-Year Writing Essay -- Perso

Our Own Words: A Students's Guide to First-Year Writing I was born in Bulgaria, the Land of Roses, a â€Å"Wonderland† amongst others in Eastern Europe. After living there for eight years under the influence of communism, my family and I were eager to depart and head for America - â€Å" The Land of Opportunity.† The adjustments I had to make to my unknown surroundings in the United States were not easy or pleasant. My number one priority was to continue my education and, without hesitation, I was quickly enrolled in an English speaking elementary school. Aside from enduring scrutiny from my classmates, my toughest engagement was conquering the English language. I did not know the simplest words and, in fact, began by learning the totally unfamiliar English alphabet. I believe that my contempt for writing was influenced twelve years ago by my arrival in a foreign country with a bizarre and confusing language. After all, how can a language that consists of twenty-six letters incorporate millions upon millions of words? Because English was not native to me, I had to struggle to overcome the language barrier throughout my elementary school years. Most of my time was spent mastering the language itself and, in doing so, I missed out on the basic writing techniques that most American students were learning. While I was learning my ABC’s, they were introduced to the idea of expanding their vocabulary, increasing their use of proper punctuation and adapting to the â€Å"correct† way of spelling simple words. On the other hand, I was still trying to remember the meanings of elementary vocabulary words like library, wheelchair, and of course how could I forget, the difference between â€Å"redâ€Å" and â€Å"readâ€Å". Even the most si... ...ple who are successful not because of their intelligence level, but because of their HARD WORK. I consider myself to be one of those hard working individuals and although I am not the â€Å"prime â€Å" example of success, I do hope that younger generations can look up to me and realize that success comes with a lot of hard work! It doesn’t come easy and sacrifices often have to be made. Looking ahead at my future, I am not sorry to see that writing will play a major role in my lifestyle. As a television broadcaster, I am going to be utilizing writing on a daily basis, but for some reason that doesn’t bother me as much as I expected it to. Maybe I am finally outgrowing this stage of detestation and realizing the positive impact writing can have on my surroundings and me. I hope that, one day, my writing will reach a level that can change society for the better.

Essay --

A provisional title Making the State, War and Enemies in Israel/Palestine, 1948 Hypothesis The labeling of indigenous communities as dangerous enemies is not a static expression of a belief, but an ongoing communicative process within the settler society. I am predicting that as each of the hypothesized technologies mentioned below developed, the dissemination of critical counter-categorizations declined. H1) Expulsions were carried out by specialized armed units in a routine fashion soldiers critique declined as the war progressed H2) the absorption of competing militias within the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) as a newly formed national army lessened reciprocal criticism of the treatment of the Palestinians; press editorials of the main militias criticized each other’s treatment of the Palestinian communities, decreased as the war went on H3) it became easier to shield the army’s actions from scrutiny as fighting spread away from the bigger cities critical reports by non-army affiliated civilians decreased as the fighting spread wider H4) the political leadership minimized their resistance to covert decision-making within the security establishment as the war continued, there was a decrease in criticism of the decision making process that led to the expulsions. The main aim of my PhD research This research investigates the dynamics within settler colonial societies that reproduce struggles with indigenous populations. Specifically, I ask how the formation of the colonial settler state enables the pernicious labeling of colonised communities during periods of conflict. The case is the War of 1948, during which some 80% of the Palestinian population was expelled from the area that became the State of Israel. For this to happen, P... ...rch There are many resources that I am planning to use for my studies: Cohen, Hillel. 2008. Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism. Ehrlich, Avishai. 1987. â€Å"Israel: Conflict, War and Social Change† Esber, Rosemary M. 2009. Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians. Flapan, Simha. 1987. The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities. Halbrook, Stephen. 1972. "The Class Origins of Zionist Ideology" Masalha, Nur. 1997. A Land without a People: Israel, Transfer and the Palestinians McClintock, Anne. 1995. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Imperial Contest. Ram, Uri. 1995. The Changing Agenda of Israeli Sociology: Theory, Ideology, and Identity. Zureik, Elia T.1979. The Palestinians in Israel: a Study in Internal Colonialism. More books and researches by Tom Pesah and Illan Pape are also sources to my studies. Essay -- A provisional title Making the State, War and Enemies in Israel/Palestine, 1948 Hypothesis The labeling of indigenous communities as dangerous enemies is not a static expression of a belief, but an ongoing communicative process within the settler society. I am predicting that as each of the hypothesized technologies mentioned below developed, the dissemination of critical counter-categorizations declined. H1) Expulsions were carried out by specialized armed units in a routine fashion soldiers critique declined as the war progressed H2) the absorption of competing militias within the Israeli Defense Force (IDF) as a newly formed national army lessened reciprocal criticism of the treatment of the Palestinians; press editorials of the main militias criticized each other’s treatment of the Palestinian communities, decreased as the war went on H3) it became easier to shield the army’s actions from scrutiny as fighting spread away from the bigger cities critical reports by non-army affiliated civilians decreased as the fighting spread wider H4) the political leadership minimized their resistance to covert decision-making within the security establishment as the war continued, there was a decrease in criticism of the decision making process that led to the expulsions. The main aim of my PhD research This research investigates the dynamics within settler colonial societies that reproduce struggles with indigenous populations. Specifically, I ask how the formation of the colonial settler state enables the pernicious labeling of colonised communities during periods of conflict. The case is the War of 1948, during which some 80% of the Palestinian population was expelled from the area that became the State of Israel. For this to happen, P... ...rch There are many resources that I am planning to use for my studies: Cohen, Hillel. 2008. Army of Shadows: Palestinian Collaboration with Zionism. Ehrlich, Avishai. 1987. â€Å"Israel: Conflict, War and Social Change† Esber, Rosemary M. 2009. Under the Cover of War: The Zionist Expulsion of the Palestinians. Flapan, Simha. 1987. The Birth of Israel: Myths and Realities. Halbrook, Stephen. 1972. "The Class Origins of Zionist Ideology" Masalha, Nur. 1997. A Land without a People: Israel, Transfer and the Palestinians McClintock, Anne. 1995. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Imperial Contest. Ram, Uri. 1995. The Changing Agenda of Israeli Sociology: Theory, Ideology, and Identity. Zureik, Elia T.1979. The Palestinians in Israel: a Study in Internal Colonialism. More books and researches by Tom Pesah and Illan Pape are also sources to my studies.

Indonesian Culture Essay

Indonesia has about 300 ethnic groups, each with cultural identities developed over centuries, and influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and European sources. Traditional Javanese and Balinese dances, for example, contain aspects of Hindu culture and mythology, as do wayang kulit(shadow puppet) performances. Textiles such as batik, ikat, ulos and songket are created across Indonesia in styles that vary by region. The most dominant influences on Indonesian architecture have traditionally been Indian; however, Chinese, Arab, and European architectural influences have been significant. Sports in Indonesia are generally male-orientated and spectator sports are often associated with illegal gambling. The most popular sports are badminton and football. Indonesian players have won the Thomas Cup (the world team championship of men’s badminton) thirteen of the twenty-six times that it has been held since 1949, as well as numerous Olympic medals since the sport gained full Olympic status in 1992. Its women have won the Uber Cup, the female equivalent of the Thomas Cup, twice, in 1994 and 1996. Liga Indonesia is the country’s premier football club league. Traditional sports include sepak takraw, and bull racing in Madura. In areas with a history of tribal warfare, mock fighting contests are held, such as, caci in Flores, and pasola in Sumba. Pencak Silat is an Indonesian martial art. Indonesian cuisine varies by region and is based on Chinese, European, Middle Eastern, and Indian precedents. Rice is the main staple food and is served with side dishes of meat and vegetables. Spices (notably chili), coconut milk, fish and chicken are fundamental ingredients. Indonesian traditional music includes gamelan and keroncong. The Indonesian film industry’s popularity peaked in the 1980s and dominated cinemas in Indonesia, although it declined significantly in the early 1990s. Between 2000 and 2005, the number of Indonesian films released each year has steadily increased. The oldest evidence of writing in Indonesia is a series of Sanskrit inscriptions dated to the 5th century. Important figures in modern Indonesian literature include: Dutch author Multatuli, who criticized treatment of the Indonesians under Dutch colonial rule; Sumatrans Muhammad Yamin and Hamka, who were influential pre-independence nationalist writers and politicians; and proletarian writer Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Indonesia’s most famous novelist. Many of Indonesia’s peoples have strongly rooted oral traditions, which help to define and preserve their cultural identities. Media freedom in Indonesia increased considerably after the end of President Suharto’s rule, during which the now-defunct Ministry of Information monitored and controlled domestic media, and restricted foreign media. The TV market includes ten national commercial networks, and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI. Private radio stations carry their own news bulletins and foreign broadcasters supply programs. At a reported 25 million users in 2008, Internet usage was estimated at 12.5% in September 2009. More than 30 million cell phones are sold in Indonesia each year, and 27 percent of them are local brands.

5 Examples of Repetition and Redundancy

5 Examples of Repetition and Redundancy 5 Examples of Repetition and Redundancy 5 Examples of Repetition and Redundancy By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, repetition of words or phrases or redundant use of similar terms is easily eliminated, as described in the explanations and shown in the revisions that follow each example. 1. This procedure is called an assay. An assay determines the purity of a precious metal. The repetition in this sentence is suitable for aiding beginning readers in comprehension but is stilted and unsuitable for normal usage. Whenever a word or phrase ending a brief sentence is immediately or almost immediately repeated at the beginning of the next sentence, convert the two sentences to a single statement such as the one shown here: â€Å"This procedure, called an assay, determines the purity of a precious metal.† (If the first sentence is more extensive, revise otherwise to omit repetition of the term.) 2. We often refer to this type of test as purple-team testing. Organizations should utilize testing such as purple-team testing or similar activity to regularly test and refine their defensive posture. In similar constructions in which a repeated word or phrase is not in proximity to the first instance, it is still often a simple matter to omit the repetition: â€Å"We often refer to this type of test as purple team testing. Organizations should utilize such testing or similar activity to regularly evaluate and refine their defensive posture.† 3. Pairing these two departments together creates critical mass to justify infrastructure investments. If the definition of a word implicitly includes a key word or phrase that also appears in the pertinent passage, omit the repetition. In this case, pairing means â€Å"bringing together,† so the inclusion of together creates a redundancy: â€Å"Pairing these two departments creates critical mass to justify infrastructure investments.† 4. Implement steps to measure the success of your data analytics efforts, and also consider the most effective ways to report success and value to management and other key stakeholders. Also is redundant when it immediately follows and: â€Å"Implement steps to measure the success of your data analytics efforts, and consider the most effective ways to report success and value to management and other key stakeholders.† 5. The personal information available in medical records can be used to perform any number of identity-theft tactics for some form of financial gain (e.g., obtaining credit, filing tax returns, etc.). The Latin-derived abbreviations for â€Å"for example† and â€Å"and so on† are redundant; delete one or the other: â€Å"The personal information available in medical records can be used to perform any number of identity-theft tactics for some form of financial gain (e.g., obtaining credit or filing tax returns)† or â€Å"The personal information available in medical records can be used to perform any number of identity-theft tactics for some form of financial gain (obtaining credit, filing tax returns, etc.).† (Note, however, that i.e. means â€Å"that is† and, unlike e.g., is not redundant to etc.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict55 Boxing Idioms20 Tips to Improve your Writing Productivity

12 Writers Discuss the Writing Process

12 Writers Discuss the Writing Process For almost a decade, the Writers on Writing column in The New York Times provided professional writers with an opportunity to talk about their craft. Two collections of these columns have been published: Writers on Writing: Collected Essays from The New York Times (Times Books, 2001)Writers on Writing, Volume II: More Collected Essays from The New York Times (Times Books, 2004). Although most of the contributors have been novelists, the insights they offer into the process of writing should be of interest to all writers. Here are excerpts from 12 of the authors who have contributed pieces to Writers on Writing. Geraldine BrooksWrite what you know. Every guide for the aspiring author advises this. Because I live in a long-settled rural place, I know certain things. I know the feel of a newborn lambs damp, tight-curled fleece and the sharp sound a well-bucket chain makes as it scrapes on stone. But more than these material things, I know the feelings that flourish in small communities. And I know other kinds of emotional truths that I believe apply across the centuries. (July 2001) Richard Ford  Beware of writers who tell you how hard they work. (Beware of anybody who tries to tell you that.) Writing is indeed often dark and lonely, but no one really has to do it. Yes, writing can be complicated, exhausting, isolating, abstracting, boring, dulling, briefly exhilarating; it can be made to be grueling and demoralizing. And occasionally it can produce rewards. But its never as hard as, say, piloting an L-1011 into OHare on a snowy night in January, or doing brain surgery when you have to stand up for 10 hours straight, and once you start you cant just stop. If youre a writer, you can stop anywhere, any time, and no one will care or ever know. Plus, the results might be better if you do. (November 1999) Allegra Goodman  Carpe diem. Know your literary tradition, savor it, steal from it, but when you sit down to write, forget about worshiping greatness and fetishizing masterpieces. If your inner critic continues to plague you with invidious comparisons, scream, Ancestor worship! and leave the building. (March 2001) Mary GordonIts a bad business, this writing. No marks on paper can ever measure up to the words music in the mind, to the purity of the image before its ambush by language. Most of us awake paraphrasing words from the Book of Common Prayer, horrified by what we have done, what we have left undone, convinced that there is no health in us. We accomplish what we do, creating a series of stratagems to explode the horror. Mine involve notebooks and pens. I write by hand. (July 1999) Kent HarufAfter finishing the first draft, I work for as long as it takes (for two or three weeks, most often) to rework that first draft on a computer. Usually that involves expansion: filling in and adding to, but trying not to lose the spontaneous, direct sound. I use that first draft as a touchstone to make sure everything else in that section has the same sound, the same tone and impression of spontaneity. (November 2000) Alice HoffmanI wrote to find beauty and purpose, to know that love is possible and lasting and real, to see day lilies and swimming pools, loyalty and devotion, even though my eyes were closed and all that surrounded me was a darkened room. I wrote because that was who I was at the core, and if I was too damaged to walk around the block, I was lucky all the same. Once I got to my desk, once I started writing, I still believed anything was possible. (August 2000) Elmore LeonardNever use an adverb to modify the verb said ... he admonished gravely. To use an adverb this way (or almost any way) is a mortal sin. The writer is now exposing himself in earnest, using a word that distracts and can interrupt the rhythm of the exchange. (July 2001) Walter Mosley  If you want to be a writer, you have to write every day. The consistency, the monotony, the certainty, all vagaries and passions are covered by this daily reoccurrence. You dont go to a well once but daily. You dont skip a childs breakfast or forget to wake up in the morning. Sleep comes to you each day, and so does the muse. (July 2000) William Saroyan  How do you write? You write, man, you write, thats how, and you do it the way the old English walnut tree puts forth leaf and fruit every year by the thousands. ... If you practice an art faithfully, it will make you wise, and most writers can use a little wising up. (1981) Paul West  Of course the writer cannot always burn with a hard gemlike flame or a white heat, but it should be possible to be a chubby hot-water bottle, rendering maximum attentiveness in the most enterprising sentences. (October 1999) Donald E. WestlakeIn the most basic way, writers are defined not by the stories they tell, or their politics, or their gender, or their race, but by the words they use. Writing begins with language, and it is in that initial choosing, as one sifts through the wayward lushness of our wonderful mongrel English, that choice of vocabulary and grammar and tone, the selection on the palette, that determines whos sitting at that desk. Language creates the writers attitude toward the particular story hes decided to tell. (January 2001) Elie WieselAcutely aware of the poverty of my means, language became an obstacle. At every page, I thought, Thats not it. So I began again with other verbs and other images. No, that wasnt it either. But what exactly was that it I was searching for? It must have been all that eludes us, hidden behind a veil so as not to be stolen, usurped and trivialized. Words seemed weak and pale. (June 2000)

5 Important Oedipus Rex Quotes Explained

5 Important Oedipus Rex Quotes Explained Oedipus Rex  (Oedipus the King) is a famous play by the great ancient Greek tragedian  Sophocles. The play was first performed around 429 BCE and is part of a trilogy of plays which also include Antigone and Oedipus at Colonus. In a nutshell, the play tells the story of Oedipus, a man doomed from birth as a result of a prophecy which states that he will murder his father and marry his mother. Despite his familys attempts to stop the prophecy from being fulfilled, Oedipus still falls prey to fate. The simple plot of the play can be easily summed up in just five key quotes. Oedipus Rex has influenced artists and thinkers around the world for more than two millennia. Its the basis for  Sigmund Freuds psychoanalytical theory, appropriately named the Oedipus complex; as Freud notes of Oedipus in his seminal work The Interpretation of Dreams: His destiny moves us only because it might have been ours- because the oracle laid the same curse upon us before our birth as upon him. It is the fate of all of us, perhaps, to direct our first sexual impulse towards our mother and our first hatred and our first murderous wish against our father. Our dreams convince us that this is so. Setting the Scene Ah! my poor children, known, ah, known too well,The quest that brings you hither and your need.Ye sicken all, well wot I, yet my pain,How great soever yours, outtops it all. Oedipus exclaims these sympathetic words at the beginning of the play to the people of Thebes. The city is beset with a plague and many of Oedipuss citizens are sick and dying. These words paint Oedipus as a compassionate and empathetic ruler. This image, juxtaposed with Oedipuss dark and twisted past, revealed later in the play, makes his downfall even more striking. Greek audiences at the time were already familiar with the story of Oedipus; thus Sophocles skillfully added these lines for dramatic irony. Oedipus Reveals His Paranoia and Hubris The trusty Creon, my familiar friend,Hath lain in wait to oust me and subornedThis mountebank, this juggling charlatan,This tricksy beggar-priest, for gain aloneKeen-eyed, but in his proper art stone-blind.Say, sirrah, hast thou ever proved thyselfA prophet? When the riddling Sphinx was hereWhy hadst thou no deliverance for this folk?And yet the riddle was not to be solvedBy guess-work but required the prophets artWherein thou wast found lacking; neither birds nor sign from heaven helped thee, but I came.The simple Oedipus; I stopped her mouth. This speech by Oedipus reveals a lot about his personality. A clear contrast from the first quote, Oedipus tone here shows that he is paranoid, has a short temper, and is pompous. Whats happening is that Teiresias, a prophet, refuses to tell Oedipus who the murderer of King Laius (Oedipuss father) is. A bewildered Oedipus reacts by angrily taunting Teiresias for being stone-blind, a charlatan, a beggar-priest, and so on. He also accuses Creon, the person who brought Teiresias, for planning this perplexing scene in an attempt to undermine Oedipus. He then continues to belittle Teiresias by saying how useless the old prophet, as it was Oedipus who defeated the Sphinx who terrorized the city.   Teiresias Reveals the Truth Of the children, inmates of his home,He shall be proved the brother and the sire,Of her who bare him son and husband both,Co-partner, and assassin of his sire. Provoked by Oedipuss offensive words, Teiresias finally hints at the truth. He reveals that not only is Oedipus the murderer of Laius, but he is both brother and [father] to his children, both son and husband to his wife, and the assassin of his [father]. This is the first piece of information Oedipus gets in discovering how he unwittingly committed incest and patricide. A humbling lesson- Sophocles shows how Oedipus hot temper and hubris provoked Teiresias and set his own downfall in motion.    Oedipus Tragic Downfall Dark, dark! The horror of darkness, like a shroud,Wraps me and bears me on through mist and cloud.Ah me, ah me! What spasms athwart me shoot,What pangs of agonizing memory? In a grotesque scene, Oedipus screams these lines after he blinds himself. At this point, Oedipus has realized that he indeed killed his father and slept with his mother. He is unable to cope with the truth after he has been blind to it for so long, and so symbolically blinds himself physically. Now, all Oedipus can see is darkness, like a shroud. The Conclusion of One Story and Beginning of the Next Though I cannot behold you, I must weepIn thinking of the evil days to come,The slights and wrongs that men will put upon you.Whereer ye go to feast or festival,No merrymaking will it prove  for you Oedipus utters these words to his daughters, Antigone and Ismene, at the end of the play before being cast out of the city. The introduction of these two characters foreshadows the plot  of another famous play by Sophocles, Antigone.

Accounting Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Accounting - Research Paper Example l not only affect the reporting style and responsibility of the public companies but will also affect the private companies of the United States since both the public and private companies relied upon the GAAP for the preparation of their financial statements. It is a notable fact that even today some of the US private companies apply the IFRS to meet their reporting requirements, particularly the companies that have foreign related parties or investors that use the IFRS. There has been a debate over the past few years that the extensive reporting requirements of US GAAP have increased the cost of reporting for both the public and private companies although some of the more composite requirements may not even apply on the private companies. The AICPA (American Institute of Chartered Public Accountants) has carried out certain studies to observe the relevance and fulfillment of requirements of the users of the financial statements of private companies as to whether the US GAAP compliance is beneficial to the users. The study has resulted in the fact that some of the more extensive and complex requirement of the US GAAP have more cost than benefit to the users. This may be because the users of financial statements of public company and the private company have different objectives as the public company financial statement users are mainly investors while the private company users are more concerned with management and short-term affairs of the company. This debate has also given rise to a further debate hat whether a standalone reporting standards be prepared to meet the requirements of the private companies as some countries have already put forward this point. In this regard, the IASB has already begun working on reporting standards for Medium and Small Enterprises which are known as the IFRS for Private Entities. These IFRS for private entities only cover those entities that are exempt from public accountability which has made it relevant for any entity that

Real Estate & Property - Valuation and Investment Appraisal Assignment

Real Estate & Property - Valuation and Investment Appraisal - Assignment Example The opinions stated in the valuation are contingent on the assumptions and limitations stated in Section 5 which also forms an integral part of this report. i. An attached brick building includes a single shop unit consisting of an open plan sales area which includes a retail area which extends to the rear. There is also a large basement. The front of the shop is fully glazed and has a number of display areas for terms of inventory. i. Barking Road is located in a very popular and busy shopping and entertainment area. It has a number of restaurants and numerous other shops along the same road and other roads and avenues which are in close proximity. It is also close to the tourist areas. The building is in good condition. Additionally, Barking Road and the streets adjacent to it are clean and well kept. iii. Several hotels and entertainment venues are located in close proximity to Barking Road and so it is accessible to tourists and locals who use their services. More than a few tourists are therefore expected to patronise the business at the location (Rightmove 2012). iv. The Booby Moore Stand of the West Ham United Football Club is located in close proximity – just around the corner from Barking Road. This makes the location ideal for the current tenant and explains the reason for the longevity of the business. There is also some amount of goodwill attached to the business and the location. Goodwill is the excess of the market price over the combined value of the separate assets. It results from the reputation that the business has gained over the years and its quality customer service that keeps customers coming back. It is this reputation that also attracts new customers. viii. The property is in close proximity to the Upton park tube station which approximately 0.4 miles. Two other stations – East Ham and Plaistow are also within a mile of the property (0.8 and 1.0 miles respectively) (Rightmove PLC 2012). x. The

Art History Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Art History Project - Assignment Example This is because some symbolic pieces of the art play a single or multiple importances in creating a formidable icon, for either unifying the communities or prohibiting immoral actions in the societal living (Penelope 10-360). Therefore, this paper aims at demonstrating the way art fostered peace and security through conflict and violence management in the turbulent world. One of the major pieces of art used in the earlier times was the architecture, which involved the process of designing, planning, and construction. The nature of the physical buildings and other physical structures had their own meanings. The material notion of the building structures were perceived to be the cultural symbols and more so, the art work. Different historical civilizations were mostly identified by their way of architectural advancements in order to survive the strength of their practices. This is because different civilizations were also competing with rival territories even in terms of architectural advancements such as designs and making plans for their structures. Another piece of art was the dances. Every early civilization had their own style of dancing, which could be uniquely identified by other communities or societies. The dance is a form of art that involves the body movement, often rhythmic to music. It is mostly performed by different cultural diversities for social interactions, expression of emotions, for exercise, performance, or spiritual settings. The dancing was also performed to tell the stories or express the ideas. The dancing styles were used in historical civilizations to show moral sensibilities, cultural and social norms, or even being only artistic. The dancing were always performed in ceremonies in a given cultural practices including the solving of conflicts and disputed. In some cultural diversity, dancing was used to unite the civilization, and every dancing style had its symbolic meaning that an enemy could not understand. The third piece of art th at was used to ensure peace and security in various conflict societies is sculptures. Sculptures are modeled or carved structures that are mostly made of stones, ceramics, wood, and metal that represents the surviving works, that were used to express the political and religious phenomenon. During the Middle Ages and Gothic, the sculptures represented the passions and agonies of Christian faithful in order to live peacefully on one another. The scriptures united the all Christian faithful across the world, and acted as a single symbolisms of being a follower of Christ. The other piece of arts that was used to unite the conflicting world was the music. Music is a form of art where the sound and silence was its medium. Their elements were rhythms, pitch such as harmony and melody, dynamics, and other qualities of texture and timbre. The music performance, creation, significance, and the definition differed according to the social and cultural contexts. The music or the melodies in anci ent societies ensured a single society since every community had their own musical melodies, and each had a unifying influences. The fifth piece of art that ensure a unified societal living among the communities is the painting. Painting is a practice of coloring or applying pigments or rather paints. Moreover, the paintings were also commonly used in outside art in trade among the builders and craftsmen. It

The Design and Implementation of Virtual Classroom for Distance Essay

The Design and Implementation of Virtual Classroom for Distance Learning - Essay Example Based on the result of the survey questionnaires and personal interviews, the researcher will determine the best design of a virtual classroom for second language distance learning including a proposed implementation strategy. The use of the Internet and other related technologies has made a significant increase over the past ten years. (Lavooy and Palmer, 2003) In line with the progress in the development of Internet-based technology, changes in the educational approach has gone through a lot of major restructuring. Each year, a lot of colleges and universities have been investing a lot of money in developing reliable and real-time web-based classes (Ewing-Taylor, 1999) especially for the purpose of studying second language courses in distance learning. A virtual classroom is a computer based system used to deliver virtual teaching and learning. According to Karasavvidis et al. (2003), the learning and teaching behaviour of students and the teachers is an important factor that contributes to the success of using computer-based technology in education. For this reason, the design of a virtual classroom for distance learning has to be easily accessible, reliable, user-friendly, and interactive. The design of virtual classroom for distance learning should include online forums such as Blackboard Discussion Board, video conference, e-mails and chat rooms to allow the students and mentors to have an open communication link as it makes the course materials available to each learner 24/7. (Nian-Shing, Kinshuk, Yi-Hung, 2005) Ewing-Taylor and Overall (2003) emphasized the importance of constant interaction and collaboration between the teachers and the learners since it enables the students to learn more from its mentor. In relation to the point-of view of Ewing-Taylor and Overall (2003), the study of Kubala (1998) reveals that the use of an anonymous open communication through a

Answers quesitons from video Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answers quesitons from video - Case Study Example such as test and bookkeeping, audits and reviews, client tax returns, strategic business planning, mergers and acquisitions, valuation, and litigation support. The firm has designed these services to ensure superior customer service and client satisfaction. Rosanne Ammirati, a tax partner with the firm, mentioned that even though the firm offers a number of services, it targets specific entrepreneurial companies in real-estate, personal service, and trucking industries. Katz, Sapper and Miller want to work with people for the long-term and provide services to specific industries where growth can happen in order to ensure a healthy business relationship. Neither the firm nor any potential clients would benefit from poor decision-making and entering a relationship that would not be beneficial for both parties. One of Katz, Sapper and Miller’s most successful business practices is in the form of recruiting and retaining new talented employees. College recruitment fills 1/3 of the firm’s annual hiring plan with recent college graduates. The firm maintains high standards for good grades, high GPA, passing the CPA exam when that is required, and that the individual has very strong communication skills and can interact well with the team and clients. The direct of human resources mentioned in the video that the employees can at any time be required to speak with presidents and CEOs of their clients. Recent college graduates must have strong communication skills and be able to interact well with these high-profile clients in order to be trusted to do the work of the firm. Through excellent business practices, and a philosophy that the firm comes first, the Katz, Sapper and Miller is able to retain over 90% of their current employees every year. This statistic shows that the compan y is an excellent company to work for and that the management team and owners support the work of the employees. Dave Resnick, the management director, stated that the firm has a

The Design and Implementation of Virtual Classroom for Distance Essay

The Design and Implementation of Virtual Classroom for Distance Learning - Essay Example Based on the result of the survey questionnaires and personal interviews, the researcher will determine the best design of a virtual classroom for second language distance learning including a proposed implementation strategy. The use of the Internet and other related technologies has made a significant increase over the past ten years. (Lavooy and Palmer, 2003) In line with the progress in the development of Internet-based technology, changes in the educational approach has gone through a lot of major restructuring. Each year, a lot of colleges and universities have been investing a lot of money in developing reliable and real-time web-based classes (Ewing-Taylor, 1999) especially for the purpose of studying second language courses in distance learning. A virtual classroom is a computer based system used to deliver virtual teaching and learning. According to Karasavvidis et al. (2003), the learning and teaching behaviour of students and the teachers is an important factor that contributes to the success of using computer-based technology in education. For this reason, the design of a virtual classroom for distance learning has to be easily accessible, reliable, user-friendly, and interactive. The design of virtual classroom for distance learning should include online forums such as Blackboard Discussion Board, video conference, e-mails and chat rooms to allow the students and mentors to have an open communication link as it makes the course materials available to each learner 24/7. (Nian-Shing, Kinshuk, Yi-Hung, 2005) Ewing-Taylor and Overall (2003) emphasized the importance of constant interaction and collaboration between the teachers and the learners since it enables the students to learn more from its mentor. In relation to the point-of view of Ewing-Taylor and Overall (2003), the study of Kubala (1998) reveals that the use of an anonymous open communication through a

Is the UK Airline Industry Competitive Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Is the UK Airline Industry Competitive - Essay Example As the paper declares taxation is always a painful and complex issue with reverberations on all elements of the industry. However considering the relatively under-taxed nature of the UK airline industry it is possible that it will not be too badly hurt by the new tax although it might result in a decline in passengers. This essay stresses that this is a significant issue facing the airline industry at the moment. British Airways is recently involved in a struggle to resolve with union officials after it has declared a strike because of BA’s refusal to meet it demands. BA’s after failing to come to an agreement with union over its cost-cutting program now appears to be focusing on wearing down its employees. The company has done whatever it can from out-sourcing to using volunteers and claims that it has managed to keep a lot of its flights running. The impact of regulation on competitiveness is a complicated one. It is also hard to assess whether the regulatory environment will change anytime in the near future specially considering the havoc that lack of regulation played on the financial markets. What is essential however that changes in regulation will definitely impact competitiveness but may impact different players and stake-holders in a different way. If we take a look at finan cial indicators as a measure of the performance of the industry we can see that many firms have reported serious losses indicating troubled times for the industry. British Airways for example been in dire financial straits indicating losses far worse then what many had predicted and with no respite anytime soon.

Impacts of Negative Leadership Essay Example for Free

Impacts of Negative Leadership Essay Leadership carries considerable influence and responsibility within any organization. Leaders are challenged daily with how to manage this influence effectively. Communication plays a key role in this approach and can have significant impacts to the leader and their staff. The purpose of this paper is to explore the impacts of negative leadership behavior regarding communication and effects on the team as well as the overall organization. Experience with Negative Leadership Behavior Over my career, there have been negative leadership behaviors experienced with both direct mangers and senior management. One of the most destructive is lack of communication. Recently, an executive manager was going to be out of the office for an entire week. This leader has four direct reports of which three are group leaders. The executive manager casually mentions to one of the direct reports that she will be out of the office the following week at a seminar. The direct report appropriately relays this information to their team supervisor to address any concerns or open issues in advance of this absence. The same communication was not made to the remaining three direct reports, in any form, by the executive manager. As the business week of the absence began, the other three direct reports incur an issue require assistance from the executive manager. These managers were rendered unproductive and left wondering when the leader was going to be in the office so that they can discuss the problem at hand. During subsequent discussions, the team supervisor aware of the absence is the one to notify the other three direct reports that their direct manager was out for the week. The gap in communication impacted the teams noted but also other service partners and finally the client due to the delays in resolving the issue timely. It is also important to note that this is not an isolated incident but had happened previously having similar impacts to the same parties noted above. Analysis of Leadership Behavior The leadership behavior described in this experience appears straightforward at the surface but is far reaching in its impact to the firm. The leader showed consistent lack of personal integrity as well as respect and empathy for her staff by not relating her accessibility on a regular basis. It impacts the morale of the direct reports and deteriorates their working relationships ability to collaborate. The leader did not inform all direct reports of her absence. Without a collective knowledge, a subset of the larger reporting team was less effective and efficient during this time. This also created a gap in escalation when issues arose. Lastly it weakens the culture of inclusion. By being excluded, part of the management staff experienced a decrease in satisfaction subsequently affecting their overall performance. Attrition is a by product as well of this negative behavior. Supporting Research of Negative Leadership Behavior â€Å"For it is character through which leadership is exercised, it is character that sets the example and is imitated in turn†¦. The more successfully tomorrow’s manager does his work, the greater will be the integrity required of him†¦. No matter what a man’s general education or his adult education for management, what will be decisive above all, in the future even more than in the past, is neither education nor skill; it is integrity of character† stated Drucker (1954) reiterating the important of reliability in leadership positions. Leading by example creates the ability for the team to tangibly see this character on a daily basis. Additional leadership duties like consideration and management of emotions are becoming more important in the leader-membership interaction per Meike, Jacobs Soares (2012). As these duties increase so will the need for leaders to develop empathetic skills with regard to their staff. This will include appreciation, trust and open communication. Per Fuller and Green (2005), leaders are responsible for embedding strategy in the organization by developing an excellent team, picking the right roles and allowing the rest of the team to make the strategic moves. This requires teams that can function in unison with high level of collaboration. Lack of communication will cause a disjointed approach affecting the vision of the organization ultimately impacting the firm’s success. Hoffman, Bynum, Piccolo and Sutton (2011) noted that transformational leaders are able to articulate a vision that emphasizes the way in which collective goals are consonant with follower values, causing followers to regard organizational goals as their own and submit extra effort toward goals and accomplishments. This sets the groundwork for a culture of inclusion within an organization. When strong unified behavior, values and beliefs have been developed, a strong organizational cultures does emerge per Tsai (2011). Leaders have a primary role in growing and upholding the firm’s culture. It encourages performance and leads to long lasting job satisfaction. When this is not present, organizations will see increased conflict, reduced dialogue between managers and teams and a progressively dysfunctional environment. According to social identify theory, unfair treatment from supervisors may arouse a negative identification which in turn leads employees’ negative behaviors in organizations as outlined by Duan, Lam, Chen and Zhong (2010). This emphasizes the pattern of negative leadership behavior that has the ability to funnel throughout the entire organization is not addressed. Recommendation for Strengthening Leadership Behavior Leadership is a dynamic, ever changing role and requires the leader to be aware of her own behavior and the potential impacts of this behavior on the team. In this situation, the leader needs to understand the value of leading by example. For the team to utilize the leader for her depth of knowledge and broader perspective, a level of reliability needs to be established. From a time management standpoint, simple steps like sharing the leader’s calendar with direct reports could alleviate this issue on a go-forward. This type of planning and organization will benefit the leader as well as the staff’s perception of her abilities and character. Interpersonal skills like active listening, feedback and conflict resolution are critical as well for any leader. Being able to engage her direct reports and the larger staff in a meaningful way will allow for the team dynamic to shift to a positive state. These relationships can be developed through mentoring and engaging the direct reports in projects or other work the leader is responsible for providing insight to her managers of the next level and current challenges of the firm. This end to end view develops the direct reports as well as building a more full bodied relationship with the leader. The impact to the organization also needs a voice n acknowledging the effects of this negative behavior. The leader is accountable for the resulting impacts of any action they take while representing the firm. In this case, the lower performance and higher attrition are concrete costs to the organization. The leader needs to answer for the consequences ofher behavior to a higher power like senior management, stock holders or similar. Conclusion Negative leadership behavior comes in many forms and lack of communication is one of the most pervasive. This paper provides an example of this type of negative leadership and the effects to the staff and organization. It also provides an outline of productive steps to modify the leader’s behavior and limit the adverse impacts in the future. References Duan, J. , Lam, W. , Chen, Z. , Zhong, J. A. (2010). Leadership justice, negative organizational behaviors, and mediating effect of affective commitment. Social Behavior and Personality, 38(9), 1287-1296. doi: 10. 2224/sbp. 2010. 38. 9. 1287 Drucker, P. (1954). The practice of management. New York, NY: Harper Row. Fuller, J. N. , Green, J. C. (2005). The leader’s role in strategy. Graziadio Business Review, 8(2). Retrieved from http://gbr. pepperdine. edu/2010/08/the-leaders-role-in-strategy/ Hoffman, B. J. , Bynum, B. H. , Piccolo, R. F. , Sutton, A. W. (2011). Person-organization value Congruence: How transformational leaders influence work group effectiveness. Academy of Management Journal, 54(4), 779-796. Meike, S. , Jacobs, K. , Soares, M. M. (2012). Emotions and leadership. Reason and impact of emotions in the organizational context. Work, 41, 5671-5673. doi 10. 3233/WOR-2012-0915-5671 Tsai, Y. (2011). Relationship between organizational culture, leadership behavior and job satisfaction. BMC Health Services Research, 11(1), 98-106. doi: 10. 1186/1472-6963-11-98

Broadview Ltd vs Andrea Leadsom Analysis

Broadview Ltd vs Andrea Leadsom Analysis Broadview Energy Developments Ltd Vs Secretary Of State for Communities and Local Government and Others [2016] EWCA Civ 562 Court of Appeal, Civil Division Presiding Judges: Longmore, Lewison, McCombe LJJ Between: BROADVIEW ENERGY DEVELOPMENTS LIMITED (Claimant Appellant) and 1)THE SECRETARY OF STATE FOR COMMUNITIES AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT 2)SOUTH NORTHAMPTONSHIRE DISTRICT COUNCIL 3) HELMDON STUCHBURY GREATWORTH WIND FARM ACTION GROUP (Defendants and Respondents) MATERIAL FACTS Broadview is an independent renewable energy company which sought permission for development of wind farm for renewable energy, South Northampton shire district council refused to allow in November 2011(at 2). Broadviews appeal to planning inspectorate and was successful through public inquiry, granting it permission, in May 2012. (at2). The third defendant, the windfarm Action group (HSGWAG), challenged the decision, thus rendering it quashed by justice Mackie Qc in the High Court; resultantly, the issue was remanded for redetermination to the planning inspectorate awaiting a new recommendation (at3). During second public enquiry parties made representations between 8 to 24th October 2013 and on 11th oct 2013 Mr. Eric Pickles, the secretary of state decided to take the matter to his consideration on grounds that it involved a renewable energy case(at3). Second inspector recommended to grant the permission of farms on 14 Apr 2014 relying upon the balance of outnumbering benefits and minute adversities of the wind farm(at4). Delays were faced in Secretary of States decision; a reason being consultation on court of appeals decision in a different case that could subsequently render a fresh interpretation of section 66(1) of act 1990 (at5). Contrary to planning inspectors recommendation, the planning permission was refused by the decision letter of Secretary of State, dated 22 Dec 2014(at6). Mr. pickles had delegated the task to Mr. Kris Hopkins, the parliamentary undersecretary of state. Mr. Hopkins credits Mr. pickle for the choice of refusal of planning permission as deemed fit acc ording to where the balance of perks and adversities fall, alongside its conflict with development plan, accompanied by shortcoming on statutory requirements and numerous elements of national planning policy(at7). MP Mrs. Andrea Leadsoms badgering and active lobbying in opposition to the wind farms became grounds for Broadviews further appeal on 28th Jan 2015, (at89). She even successfully campaigned for the Secretary of State to call in the application (at 8). As per facts Mrs. Leadsoms tea room conversation with Mr. Hopkins in 2013 coupled with their numerous oral and written correspondences and the lobby room became basic grounds of appeal on fairness of decision and possible bias. Throughout this time, Broadview kept trying to seek a meeting and later on made a freedom of information request to get to know the status of correspondences (ibid) (at10). This was state of evidence for Broadviews application to quash Mr. Hopkins decision(ibid). The planning court rejected the claims of Broadview and hence their appeal(at11) Qs / LAW ISSUES 1) duty of fairness owed by political decision-makers in the context of an application for planning permission. 2) how the Secretary of State should deal with representations from the local Member of parliament. DECISION Unanimously, lord justice Longmore(at38), Lewison(at39) and McCombe(at40); the court appraised and upheld the decision of Cranston Justice, the judge in the second planning court. Hence, dismissing Broadviews appeal. DETAILED REASONS FOR THE DECISION The gist of Cranston Js judgement was based on his personal experience, and stood that meeting of the MP with a minister was not of any length and part and parcel of her role, being a representative of a certain area(at17). Wrong to conclude anything biased or sinister (at1718). R (Alconbury) Vs Secretary of State for Environment [2003] affirmed that a MP contacting Minister regarding a planning issue was inevitable (at18). Ministers are bound to abide by Planning Property Guidance (at18). The judgement comprises of three notions: (1) Broadview was aware of advancements by objectors (2) Letter received after close of enquiry lacked fresh material (3) Correspondences raised no new issues therefore it was satisfactory to deem that response would be similar(at1920). The judge concluded that there had been no evidence to support the contention that the decision was vitiated, provided, Broadview had failed to provide evidence to authenticate its stance of bias, unfairness or material brea ch of planning property standards; therefore, Broadviews allegations failed. Lord Justice Longmore comments in the judgement starting by affirming that Mr. Hopkins did not differ from inspector on any question of fact material or take account of new evidence therefore liability to inform inspector did not arise. Moreover, giving a chance for both parties to be heard is obligatory and this liability to inform other party to comment on a representation made is defined in rules laid down in in Errington Vs Minister of Health (1935) and also in the rule enshrined in Latin phrase audi alterampartem(at25). Minister did not entertain any privately made representations. Preventing the proceeding from being subverted by use of rule quoted above, it is a required measure to not call parties for cross-questioning on every representation, especially when they are repetitive. Moreover, a technical breach of para 4 of Guidance is likely but not a breach of rules of natural Justice; case law of Fox Land Vs SSCLG (2014) shedding light on the particular angle of the issue(at2 6). His Lordship states that it is easier to ascertain the written representations, and the content of those written correspondences make it clear that the oral ones where merely the same as they were being referred to in the subsequent letters. His Lordship further contended that he did not concur about Cranston Js belief of talk between MP and Minister to be merely a part and parcel. He argued that MP doesnt hold a different position then of any parties involved(at29). His lordship considers the possibility of Mr. Hopkins abiding by audi alteram partem prinzep and then justifies how the chronology of events render it improper to conclude that Mr. Hopkins would have had any effect of indulging in the tea room conversation and thus a mere technical breach subsequently could not make any difference to ultimate decision(at30). The court will not enquire into likelihood of prejudice in case decision-maker receives are representation in privacy established in R Vs Sussex Justices ex parte M cCarthy (1924). Case law from Kanda Vs Government of the Federation of Malaya (1962) further cemented the stance with the example of police constable not awarded a chance to comment on allegations on him (at31). His lordship furthers his stance by saying that usually in such cases, court readily opts to assess the representations made, although the courts have discretion, but in my view, it should not have been exercised in current scenario(at32). By end of July 2014 Broadview had their freedom of information request granted, however, it was highly unlikely that Broadview would had been successful in invoking court to take matter out of hands of the Parliament entrusted decision-makers: Mr. Hopkins and Mr. Pickles (at33). Lobby Badgering had no effect on the decision as the matter was already decided. Moreover, miss Leadsoms attempt was to merely know the decision rather diverting it in certain direction(at34). Thus, Longmore concluded the events not such to justify quashing of decision (at35). He further clarifies that it was Ministerial responsibility that the respected decision-makers abided by in deciding the finely balanced matter (at36). He also signifies the need of Ministers to avoid Lobbying and concludes that any blatantly ignorant accusations of bias would be clarified under light of Magill Vs Porter(at37). For these reasons, he dismissed the appeal (at38). Lord Justice Lewison said that he agrees with Longmore LJs Judgement and also with additional observations of McCombe LJ, hence agrees for dismissal of appeal. Lord Justice McCombe agrees with Longmore on dismissal of this appeal, however, shows disagreement on certain areas(at40). According to him there was undoubtedly a breach of paragraph 4 of the Guidance by what appears to have occurred in the tea room conversation. If the chronology of events would have been otherwise, the lawfulness of this decision would have been in peril (at41). He also explains the significant breach of ordinary principals of fairness in English Law to support his stance (at42). He continues how one party should not have any advantage in manner not afforded to other interested party (at43). He argued over comment of part and parcel and defined fine lines between talks upon ordinary consistency matters and lobbying. In his final comments, concluding to the dismissal of appeal, he also emboldened the need of Ministers to adhere to ordinary laws of fairness and natural justice. RATIO DECIDENDI With respect to the allegation of bias made by Broadview, a fair-minded and informed observer would conclude that there had been no real possibility of ministerial bias in the present case. Further, there was simply no evidence to support the contention that the decision was vitiated by actual bias. Accordingly, Broadview had failed to establish that the ministerial decision against planning permission for its proposed wind farm had been unlawful through unfairness, bias or material breach of planning propriety standards (para21, Cranston J). I would therefore conclude that while the tea room conversation (and even the lobby badgering) should not have occurred and should have been cut off by Mr Hopkins more firmly than he may have done, those events are not such as to justify quashing the Secretary of States decision. (para 35, Lord Justice Longmore). I have had the advantage of reading in draft the judgments of Longmore and McCombe LJJ. I agree that the appeal should be dismissed for the reasons given by Longmore LJ. I also agree with the additional observations of McCombe LJ (at39 Lord Justice Lewison). On the facts of this case (in particular in the light of the chronology and the factors set out in paragraph 30 of my Lords judgment), however, this breach was not of sufficient moment to call for the quashing of the Secretary of States decision on the grounds of a breach of the principles of natural justice. Had the chronology been otherwise, and if the conversation had been more closely proximate in time to the decision taken, then it seems to me that the lawfulness of the decision might well have been in peril (para 41, McCombe). Representations which are essentially repetitive of submissions already made are rather different. In such case a court will more readily assess whether such repetitions really made a material contribution to the decision under challenge. If it concludes that they did not, the quashing of the ensuing decision should not follow. A court always has discretion as to remedy in public law and should, in my view, not exercise that discretion in the present case. (at Para 32) If a party to an inquiry or an objector seeks to bombard a minister with post-inquiry representations which are merely repetitive of the representations made at the inquiry itself and every time that happened the Minister was obliged to circulate the representatives for comment, the decision-making process could easily be subverted. (Longmore LJ at 26). When a Minister is involved in a quasi-judicial decision it is incumbent on him to make clear to any person who tries to make oral representations to him that he cannot listen to them (Longmore LJ at 28).

Cameron’s The Terminator and Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale as Responses to Neo-conservatism :: Movie Film Essays

From abortion to pornography, the â€Å"war on drugs† to the end of the Cold War, the 1980s played host to considerable controversy; amidst such political uneasiness, then, it seems that Reagan Era rejuvenated middle-America’s latent conservatism. This return to the traditional Puritan values of the â€Å"nuclear family† also sponsored heightened State intervention and policing of the private sphere, thereby buttressing cultural myths of the dangerous, unknown â€Å"Other†. As such a fear of the Other was socially perpetuated, it seemed the responsibility of liberal-minded skeptics to note such propaganda as an alarming preparation for totalitarianism. Many cultural texts from the period, such as James Cameron’s 1984 science-fiction film, â€Å"The Terminator†, and Margaret Atwood’s 1986 feminist predictive-text, â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale†, used this opportunity to illustrate the drastic outcomes of a society founded on such mass ignorance. Following in the tradition of â€Å"dystopian†, or anti-utopian, fiction, both texts use a depiction of a â€Å"perfect† future world in order to isolate, exaggerate and expose certain problematic social trends. While not intended as realistic or plausible predictions, these dystopian texts seek to expose extremist attitudes (such as radical conservatism, religiosity, or technological reliance) as fundamentally threatening to human nature and individualism. Dystopia, then, can be understood as a locale for the constant impediment of human freedom, maintained by a regime’s oppressive control of technology, gender and ideology. What makes this fictional society so fascinating, however, is its cunning transformation from utopia to dystopia, or from Heaven to Hell; each of these corrupt worlds is originally presented as a safer, more stable and efficient alternative to contemporary society. Atwood’s tale, for example, presents a portrait of a society, Gilead, which is superficially ideal: it is free of (visible) violence, hatred or suffering. Yet this apparent perfection comes with sacrifice, for all aspects of the population are controlled: social class and intellectual ability are all carefully regulated, with stability maintained at all costs. Similarly, Cameron’s â€Å"Terminator† presents members of modern-day (circa 1984) Los Angeles in a beneficial symbiotic relationship with machinery: as technology improves daily life for humans, so too do humans improve technology. Yet this techno-friendly society based on social alliance is jaded once the machines begin to overpower and out-wit humans; here the oppressive regime that threatens humanity is technology itself. In both texts it seems clear that both technological advancement and control are imperative to the succession of an autocratic state. And as the audience is always kept keenly aware of the dangers that homogeneity poses to the quality of life, these dystopian texts question whether technology necessitates a sacrifice of human individuality.

Describe Two Opposite People

Describe two opposite people In the small community of Culmersville there are only two adults that I could spend time with and never be bored. One of which was a kind lady by the name of Ms. Kelly and the other was the funniest man in the world by the name of Mr. King. Ms. Kelly is a kind person. She always teaches me to help those people who are in need and she also never got tired of helping others. For example, one of my friend’s family financial situation wasn’t so good and therefore Ms. Kelly buys him breakfast almost every morning. She hopes that he will not feel hungry during the school time and knows it can help him to concentrate in his studies. Ms. Kelly is also a sympathetic lady. Although she was not high-educated, she always teaches her kids and me to help other people. During weekends she would visit the Children’s Hostel and help the workers to teach and feed the children. She also always invites me and my family to be a volunteer and join her to do social works. On the other hand Mr. King was the complete opposite. He was an electrician and one of the most selfish people I knew. Mr. King would have two bottles of water and would rather throw a bottle of water in the garbage or put it in his car before he would give it to you. But yet I found Mr. King to be a funny man and spent lots of time with him playing dominoes. I had the best relationship with Mr. King in Culmersville. This probably was because I never asked him for anything. But Ms. Kelly and Mr. King was the worst of friends. I would call them enemies. All of this started when Ms. Kelly asked Mr. King to donate some of his funds to the Children’s Hostel. Mr. King could have told her a simple ‘no’ but he loudly told Ms. King, ‘if you don’t get off my property talking foolishness about donating money I would throw you off myself’. This was where the commotion started. Ms. Kelly then asked, ‘Do you call homeless children foolishness? ’ Mr. King then said, ‘The children aren’t the foolishness. You are. ‘Mr. King then slammed the door in Ms. Kelly’s face like she was coming to rob his house. Ever since this day every time Ms. Kelly sees Mr. King she would start pointing fingers at him telling people he hate homeless children and unfortunate people. These are the two people that thought me that people with opposite personalities would never be able to be together. But, although Ms. Kelly and Mr. King are two completely opposite people I enjoy being with either of them.

Lack Of Standards For Ehr Health And Social Care Essay

In 21st century Information Technology played an sole function in upper limit of the Fieldss ; nevertheless, health care is one noticeable exclusion. Harmonizing to surveies, U.S. infirmaries and multiple-facility wellness systems are â€Å" merely get downing to round out their clinical webs, but are much farther along than physician patterns. † ( David B. Meinert ) While many inmate or infirmary installations migrating from paper charts to electronic records, but a small advancement has been made in the ambulatory or outpatient scene. Vast bulk medical professionals including doctors have been loath to utilize electronic medical records and go on to trust on paper records. Paper medical records are informations rich by nature, but information is hapless as doctors and other wellness attention suppliers have limited clip to delve through volumes of paper to recover information, use it in decision-making and/or portion it with patients. EMR/EHR systems hold enormous promise fo r non merely bettering the measure and quality of clinical informations that can be recorded, but more significantly the ability to entree wellness attention informations to better quality of attention. This survey will seek to see the perceptual experience of medical professionals towards Electronic medical record. Study has been done as a comparative survey among two different types of scenes that is hospital which are utilizing EMR ( paperless infirmaries that is category A ) and infirmaries which are holding their ain information system where the paper-based medical records are scanned and used ( Category B infirmaries ) . Electronic Medical Record ( EMR ) Harmonizing to the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society ( HIMSS ) , an EMR is a constituent of an electronic wellness record which is owned by the health care supplier. ( Dr. Chris Hobson ) This engineering, when to the full developed, meets provider demands for real-time informations entree and rating in medical attention. EMR besides provides the mechanism for longitudinal informations storage and entree. The content of an EMR is correspondent to the paper record, but the electronic format creates useable informations in medical result surveies, improves the efficiency of attention, and makes for more efficient communicating among suppliers and easier direction of wellness programs. ( Electronic Medical Record: The Link to a Better Future, Texas Medical Association ) Electronic Health Record ( EHR ) is an electronic version of a patient ‘s medical history, that is maintained by the supplier over clip, These have been used extensively by general practicians in many developed states and include patient designation inside informations, medicines and prescription coevals, laboratory consequences and in some instances all healthcare information recorded by the physician during each visit by the patient. ( Electronic wellness records: manual for developing states. WHO ) EHRs are the following measure in the continued advancement of health care that can beef up the relationship between patients and clinicians.A The informations, seasonableness and handiness of it, will enable suppliers to take better determinations and provide quality attention. For illustration, the EHR can better patient attention by: Reducing the incidence of medical mistake by bettering the truth and lucidity of medical records. Making the wellness information available, cut downing duplicate of trials, cut downing holds in intervention, and patients good informed to take better determinations. Reducing medical mistake by bettering the truth and lucidity of medical records.Background:Hospital information systems ( HIS ) and Electronic Medical Records ( EMRs ) are considered requirements for the efficient bringing of high quality wellness attention in infirmaries. However, a big figure of legal and practical restraints influence on the design and debut of such systems ( Dick RS, Steen EB ) Hence, many EMR execution undertakings do non take at presenting the EMR and extinguishing the paper-based opposite number in one measure ( Laerum H ) . As a start, the EMR is introduced along with its paper-based opposite number, and both are kept updated. In such environments, wellness attention workers have to cover with a intercrossed electronic and paper-based solution. This likely limits the usage of EMR ( Laerum H ) . Furthermore, mistakes are prone to develop due to cumbersome care of the medical record information in double storage media. In many states, most hospital EMR undertakings have non passed beyond this stage ( Dick RS, Steen EB )Electronic Medical Records- the altering tendency:aˆ? Paper based records are being bit by bit replaced by computing machine based records ( which is in being in the West since 2 decennaries ) aˆ? It has non achieved the same incursion in health care as in finance or other industry. Deployment varies in statesAims:To reexamine already bing information system of both class of infirmaries To happen out existent versus perceptual troubles while utilizing EMR both classs infirmaries To analyze the overall perceptual experience of infirmaries about EMR To mensurate satisfaction from EMR in class A infirmary To bring forth a checklist for bettermentMethodology:Overview: Assorted surveies which has been done globally has been surveies to happen out statement of job, since no such survey has been found in Indian context, so all premises from other states has been considered as relevant. Sing the less version of EMR usage, this survey tries to happen out existent versus perceptual advantages, disadvantages and functionality etc to acquire the clear image. Sample: entire four infirmaries have been selected under two different scenes for comparing. Each scene has two infirmaries of same sort. For easiness both scenes have been given name class A and class B. Class A infirmary are EMR user infirmary while class B infirmary are holding their ain infirmary information system in topographic point along with the paper record. For easiness footings category A and B in whole papers alternatively of EMR user and EMR nonuser infirmaries Sample size: Excluding 4 IT caputs, entire 120 responses has been collected form clinical staffs, which includes physicians, occupants, caputs of sections and nurses etc. Thirty responses from each infirmary have been collected. Questionnaire: questionnaires had been used for roll uping informations from both category infirmaries. Questions are of near ended, rated on the footing of likert graduated table from 1-5. Response recording has besides been done for happening out the jobs, so that better suggestions can be made. Interviewing: in deepness interviews has been taken by IT caputs of all the four infirmaries to understand all the factors from their point of position, and to understand their return on different jobs addressed by their clinical staff. Since none of the infirmary is utilizing EHR, so complete survey had been done about EMR merely. Data aggregation had been done as follows- Questionnaires have been used for roll uping informations from medical staff. In depth interview with IT caputs of all the four sections Reappraisal of literature related to EMR Reappraisal of the literature to understand perceptual experience of medical professionals sing EMR usage. Inclusion standards: to guarantee cogency of sample, two inquiries were set in questionnaire. Harmonizing to that who were working in infirmary for more than three months ; were eligible. Another inclusion standard was straight related to patient attention. Those who were utilizing computing machine for come ining patient information/ recovering patient information/ trial consequence retrieval etc ; were eligible.Literature reappraisalThere are many maps associated with patient wellness records. This record is non merely used to document patient attention, but it besides used for entering fiscal and legal information and research and quality betterment intents. ( Young, Kathleen M. ) The conventional paper-based medical record has several restrictions. Though this traditional method is utile for entering patient ‘s inside informations for work outing medical issues, tracking down patients and for organizing in health care procedure, but it has so many disadvantages. These types of records are frequently ailing indexed and sometimes illegible, fragmented, because these records are manus written. The most disadvantageous factor of utilizing this method is that the medical record would be accessible to merely one individual at a clip. These medical records can non be made available to everyone at the same clip. Last but non least there is the job of storage of paper record, most of the times these are non stored decently, which in bend cause failure in retrieval of information, whenever required. Medical record is systematic certification of a individual patient ‘s medical history and attention across clip within one peculiar wellness attention supplier. The medical record includes a assortment of types of â€Å" notes † entered over clip by wellness attention professionals, entering observations and disposal of drugs and therapies, orders for the disposal of drugs and therapies, trial consequences, x-rays, studies, etc. The electronic wellness record ( EHR ) provides the chance for healthcare organisations to better quality of attention and patient safety. â€Å" The greatest challenge in the new universe of incorporate health care bringing is to supply comprehensive, dependable, relevant, accessible, and seasonably patient information to each member of the health care squad, whether in primary or secondary attention and whether a physician, nurse, allied wellness professional, or patient/consumer † ( Schloeffel ) An electronic medical record ( EMR ) is a computerized medical created in an organisation that delivers care, such as a infirmary or doctor ‘s office. Electronic medical records tend to be a portion of a local stand-alone wellness information system that allows storage, retrieval and alteration of records. Some definitions: Harmonizing to National Alliance for Health Information Technology ( NAHIT ) EMR: The electronic record of health-related information on an person that is created, gathered, managed, and consulted by accredited clinicians and staff from a individual organisation who are involved in the person ‘s wellness and attention. EHR: The aggregative electronic record of health-related information on an person that is created and gathered cumulatively across more than one wellness attention organisation and is managed and consulted by accredited clinicians and staff involved in the person ‘s wellness and attention.Purpose of medical record:The chief intent of medical records and medical notes is to record and pass on information about patients and their attention. If notes are non organised and completed decently, it can take to defeat, argument, clinical mishap and judicial proceeding. medical records are now used non merely as a comprehensive record of attention but besides as a beginning of informations for hospital service activity coverage, supervising the public presentation of infirmaries and for audit and research. Many of the causes of inaccurate clinical cryptography of this secondary informations are rooted in the quality of medical notes History of Electronic Medical Records: Doctors are expected to document brushs they have with patients to guarantee important information for decision-making is recorded and actions taken are besides recorded. Documentation is besides required as an archival record of what happened in instances of difference. To a great extent, physicians resent the undertaking of certification, as it detracts from their primary undertaking: taking attention of patients. Doctors besides resent the duplicate of attempt required with certification, as every medicine that is written on a prescription tablet, every lab trial ordered, every X ray ordered has to be re-written in the chart to keep a good record. Communication between practicians is hard as in many instances the information collected is fragmented, often excess and voluminous. Finally, doctors are invariably inundated with new information and have no tools to assist them integrate new techniques and interventions into their daily activities, other than utilizing their memories or holding to tote around big text editions. The thought of entering patient information electronically alternatively of on paper -the Electronic Medical Record ( EMR ) -has been around since the late 1960 ‘s, when Larry Weed introduced the construct of the Problem Oriented Medical Record into medical pattern. Until so, physician ‘s normally recorded merely their diagnosings and the intervention they provided. Weed ‘s invention was to bring forth a record that would let a 3rd party to independently verify the diagnosing. In 1972, the Regenstreif Institute developed the first medical records system. Although the construct was widely hailed as a major progress in medical pattern, doctors did non flock to the engineering. In 1991, the Institute of Medicine, a extremely respected think armored combat vehicle in the US recommended that by the twelvemonth 2000, every doctor should be utilizing computing machines in their pattern to better patient attention and made policy recommendations on how to accomplish that end. Advantages OF THE EHR: advantages of EHR can be divided as following-1 ) Clinical resultsa ) Quality of attention: Improving quality of attention is one of the chief focal points of many EHR surveies. Quality of attention has been defined as â€Å" making the right thing at the right clip in the right manner to the right individual and holding the best possible consequences † , in short â€Å" a procedure for doing strategic picks in wellness systems † .A Quality of attention includes six dimensions, effectivity, efficiency, patient safety, handiness or seasonableness, just entree, and patient-centeredness or acceptableness, but most EHR research has focused on the first three. Last three constituents needed more research in their corresponding Fieldss. Erstwhile patients may non adhere to outdo pattern guidelines ; even the suppliers have best purpose. This sort of state of affairs can originate due to assorted factors like- Clinicians are non cognizant with the guidelines. Clinicians may non recognize that a peculiar guideline applies to a given patient. Lack of clip during the patient visit. EHR systems proved rather effectual in managing such sort of issues and improved attachment rates. For illustration, research workers found that computerized physician reminders increased the usage of grippe and pneumococcal inoculations from practically 0 % to 35 % and 50 % , severally, for hospitalized patients ( exter PR, Perkins S, Overhage JM, et al. ) . Similarity other surveies with computerized reminders on inoculation rates, shows important better attachment to immunisation guidelines. Lower berths the hazard of disease eruptions in communities: There are many other researches have conducted that focused on other preventative services and studied consequence of EHRs on different results to better attention efficaciously. Willson et Al found in his survey on hospitalized patients that after implementing computerized reminders targeted to hospital nurses, there is 5 % decrease in the development of force per unit area ulcer after 6 months. It proves a important association between computerized reminders and hazard of disease. Effective wellness attention bringing: Research workers have besides found that there is a profound relation between EHRs and efficiency in wellness attention bringing. Here efficiency refers to the turning away of blowing resources, including supplies, medical equipment, money, thoughts, and energy. One such signifier of waste involves excess diagnostic testing. Performing excess trials is dearly-won and may take to more false-positive consequences, which will so take to even more costs. Tierney et Al found a 14.3 % lessening in the figure of diagnostic trials ordered per visit and a 12.9 % lessening in diagnostic trial costs per visit when utilizing an EHR with CDS and CPOE constituents. Other, unrelated surveies found an 18 % lessening in trials ordered for medical visits in the exigency section, a 27 % lessening in excess research lab trials of antiepileptic medicine degrees in hospitalized patients, and a 24 % decrease in excess research lab trials in a infirmary. Reduced medicine mistakes: A well-known survey group found in their survey that merely presenting CPOE system reduced serious medicine mistake by 55 % in the infirmary scene. Whereas subsequently in followup survey the same group expert found that, these medicine mistakes can be reduced every bit much as 86 % by adding CDS system together with CPOE system. A similar, more recent survey in the outpatient puting found that cybernation resulted in an mistake rate decrease from 18.2 % to 8.2 % . ( Devine EB, Hansen RN, Wilson-Norton JL, et al. ) . On the other manus many other surveies have concluded that by presenting computerised system, the figure of appropriate medicine orders affecting dosing degrees or dosing frequence can be increased. Better clinical result: Many of the surveies besides focused on clinical results. Randomized test research design used for carry oning these surveies in a clinical scene. An extra organic structure of literature has examined, observationally, comparing of public presentation in between infirmaries that implemented EHRs and other computerized capablenesss with its opposite numbers that have non. For illustration, Menachemi et Al found that Florida infirmaries with greater investings in EHR engineerings had more desirable rates on a assortment of normally used quality indexs. Patient Safety: The challenge of reading handwritten notes, orders, and prescriptions has been eliminated with the EHR. Patients ‘ chart information is clear and legible. Reports and letters to other specializers and patients are comprehensive, professional, and easy to make. Chart information is ever accessible and found in the same topographic point. Paper charts, on the other manus, can go littered with a batch of necessary but misplaced information.2 ) Organisational results:Surveies analyzing organisational results have focused on EHR usage in both the inmate and outpatient scenes. Such results have often included increased gross, averted costs, and other benefits that are less touchable, such as improved legal and regulative conformity, improved ability to carry on research, and increased job/career satisfaction among doctors. Increased gross comes from multiple beginnings, including improved charge capture/decrease in charge mistakes, improved hard currency flow, and enh anced gross. Several writers have asserted that EHRs aid suppliers in accurately capturing patient charges in a timely mode ( Schmitt KF, Wofford DA ) Electronically available patient information generated so many efficiencies, which straight help in debaring cost. Some of these efficiency includes increased use of trials, reduced staff needed for patient direction, decreased written text costs, reduced costs associating to supplies needed to keep paper files, and the costs associating to chart pulls. EHRs besides cut down the redundant usage of trial or the demand to get off difficult transcripts of trial study to all suppliers that save money and clip of organisation. ( Chen P, Tanasijevic MJ, Schoenenberger RA, et Al ) . Surveies have besides shown that holding an EHR can cut down written text costs through electronically available structured certification processs instead than a paper file. ( Agrawal A. ) In add-on, research workers in Massachusetts have found that doctors utilizing an EHR had fewer paid malpractice claims. They found a doctor without EHR have much higher ( 10.6 % ) history of paid malpractice claims compared to those doctors with EHRs ( 6.1 % ) . This decrease is potentially the consequence of better communicating among health professionals, increased discernability and completeness of patient records, and increased attachment to clinical guidelines.3 ) Social results:Another less touchable benefit associated with EHRs is an improved ability to carry on research. As patient informations stored electronically that makes handiness of informations much easier which leads excessively many quantitative analyses to place evidence-based best patterns more easy ( A Aspden P.A ) . Furthermore, public wellness and other interdisciplinary research workers are actively utilizing electronic clinical informations that are existent informations aggregated across populations to brin g forth good research determination, which is good to society. Till today handiness of clinical informations is much limited but as suppliers will get down utilizing EHRs, this dataset will besides get down turning. Subsequently by uniting this clinical information with more informations from other beginnings like nonprescription medicine purchases and school absenteeism rates, our researches and public wellness organisation can break supervise disease eruptions and better surveillance of possible biological menaces ( Kukafka R, Ancker JS, Chan C, et Al ) . Research workers have besides found an association between EHR usage and physician satisfaction with their current pattern, A together with their calling satisfaction.A Harmonizing to many surveies, physician satisfaction should be a precedence in wellness attention organisations, because it is associated with better quality of attention, better prescribing behaviors, and increased keeping in medical patterns, peculiarly those in underserved countries. ( A Elder KT, Wiltshire JC, Rooks RN, et al.A ) Chaudhry et al noted that a big proportion of the surveies that found benefits from EHR were conducted in a selected figure of academic medical Centres in infirmary scene. Due to this ground many research workers are besides seting a inquiry about the generalisation of identified benefits of EHR in existent universe where they may neither hold similar fiscal and human resources nor a decades-long committedness to wellness information engineering. More research on the varying types and grades of benefits associated with EHR is warranted, particularly in community scenes such as physician patterns and non-academic infirmary scenes.Barriers TO THE EHRAlthough Electronic Health Records ( EHRs ) bring enormous benefits to patient attention and to the health-care supplier, usage of the ambulatory EHR alternatively of the paper chart did non become widespread among the independent doctors during the 1990s. Even though the motive of improved patient attention and handiness of medical informa tions was present, health-care suppliers were hesitating to get down utilizing this medical tool. Specii hundred grounds have been hypothesized for the deficiency of EHR execution, and they are outlined below.A Lack of Standards for EHR SystemsThe content within the systems did non hold uniformity for compatibility or interoperability. Assorted plans offered different characteristics and the exchange of informations was non possible. Besides, criterions for the security of confidential information through encoding or informations unity had non been set. The quality of EHR plans and computing machine webs was non sufficiently dependable to forestall downtime, therefore ensuing at times in the deficiency of entree to patient information or medical information. Data for clinical protocols, direction of patient attention, and determination support through algorithms were non yet standard for EHRs.Unknown Cost and Return on InvestmentHealth-care suppliers found it hard to accurately ciph er costs and Return on Investment ( ROI ) with the usage of an EHR. The full cost of an EHR includes the package purchase monetary value, extra computing machine hardware, execution including the preparation of staff, customization of the system, ongoing proficient support, system care, and future plan ascents. Measuring ROI includes intangible, unmeasurable, and nonfinancial information, such as improved patient attention, patient safety, and more efficient procedures. Measurable ROI includes addition in income from more accurate cryptography, greater clip efficiency as a consequence of rapid chart certification, expanded patient burden because of this efficiency, and decreased office supply costs such as paper, charts, and printing supplies. It was hard to accurately cipher costs and ROI with the usage of an EHR.Difficult to OperateDoctors perceived that it took more clip for informations entry than handwriting. A physician order signifier may hold been simpler to handwrite than t o treat through a computing machine system. Learning where the information should be entered or accessed was complicated and computing machines were non ever accessible at the point of attention. System warnings and medical qui vives incorporating critical information had non been developed. The long-run benefit were hard for some health care suppliers to value over the sensed troubles of operationSignificant Changes in Clinic ProceduresAlthough an EHR can be customized for specific medical patterns, there is ever some procedure alteration required by the supplier and medical staff. An EHR may convey a more stiff construction for come ining information than tossing through a paper chart. Adapting to new criterions of operation for come ining and turn uping information can be hard ab initio. Some EHRs have specifications or specific modus operandis for practising medical specialty that the supplier may non accommodate to easy. The health-care supplier may non be able to turn to and a nalyse jobs in the same ways that may hold been done in the yesteryear, even though the information in an EHR is more thorough and immediately available. New tools for improved patient attention require retraining, new procedures, and alterations in the medical pattern civilization.Lack of Trust and SafetyA concern for the security of the medical record stored electronically alternatively of on paper is common. Health-care suppliers may be concerned that the electronic medical record could be altered without their consent or cognition. Suppliers must hold the confidence that the medical records are safely stored for future handiness. Power outages, computing machine â€Å" clangs, † viruses, concerns about equal backup, and so on are issues suppliers must get the better of to be confident in utilizing an EHR.Use of EHR plans, peculiarly in the small- to moderate-sized patterns, is spread outing quickly. About 78 per centum of doctors in private pattern are within this market group of eight or fewer physicians. With the explosive growing of EHR execution in this section of the medical community, a great demand has been generated for both clerical and clinical support staffs that have professional preparation and exposure to the EHR. Concerns about the passage from traditional paper charts to EHRs are now being overcome. Many of the concerns expressed about EHRs have been addressed more to the full in recent old ages. Although the motives vary from a pattern desiring to merely â€Å" go paperless † to another pattern desiring to better patient attention, medical clinics are rapidly acknowledging the unbelievable tool the EHR is conveying to the medical pattern.Disadvantages of EMROn the reverse of advantages some writers have identified several possible disadvantage of utilizing EHRs. These include fiscal issues, alterations in work flow, impermanent loss of productiveness associated with EHR acceptance, privateness and security concerns, and sever al unintended effects. Significant cost: A major ground for deterrence for following and implementing EHR is its cost. It includes loss of gross associated with impermanent loss of productiveness, declines in gross, acceptance and execution costs and on-going care costs. Here EHR acceptance and execution costs includes buying and installation hardware and package, change overing paper charts to electronic 1s, and preparation of end-users. Different surveies documented this cost in both inmate and outpatient scenes. Like a survey conducted in 2002 at a 280-bed ague attention infirmary, the projected entire cost for a 7-year-long EHR installing undertaking was about US $ 19 million. In the outpatient scene, early research workers estimated an mean initial cost of US $ 50,000-US $ 70,000 per doctor for a three-physician office. However, as EHR engineerings have become more platitude over the past decennary, the initial cost of systems has come down dramatically ( Schmitt KF ) , ( Agrawal A ) Care cost besides can be cumbersome as hardware needs to replace clip to clip and package demands to upgrade on regular footing. In add-on, suppliers must hold ongoing preparation and support for the end-users of an EHR. Harmonizing to one survey conducted on 14 solo or small-group primary attention patterns, estimated on-going EHR care costs averaged US $ 8412 per FTE supplier per twelvemonth. Out of entire cost around 91 % of this was related to hardware replacing, seller package care and support fees, and payments for information systems staff or external contractors ( Fleming NS, Culler SD, McCorkle R, et Al ) Break of work-flows for medical staff and suppliers: Another major disadvantage of implementing EHRs is break of everyday work-flow for medical-staff or supplier, which consequences to loss of impermanent productiveness. This break may be because of preparation of end-users which potentially leads to loss in gross. One survey that involved several internal medical specialty clinics estimated, a productiveness loss of 20 % in the first month, 10 % in the 2nd month, and 5 % in the 3rd month before productiveness return to its original degrees as in get downing ( Wang SJ, Middleton B, Prosser LA, et al. ) Research workers besides have estimated that EHR end-users spent around 134.2 hours on execution activities that includes acquiring and larning a new system. These hours spent on nonclinical duties had an estimated cost of US $ 10,325 per doctor ( Fleming NS, Culler SD, McCorkle R, et al. ) Hazard of patient privateness misdemeanors: Another possible drawback of EHRs is the hazard of patient privateness misdemeanors, which is an increasing concern for patients due to the increasing sum of wellness information exchanged electronically between suppliers. To face such sort of state of affairss, policymakers have taken steps to guarantee safety and privateness of patient informations. For illustration, recent statute law has imposed ordinances specifically associating to the electronic exchange of wellness information that strengthen bing Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act privateness and security policies. Although few electronic informations are 100 % secure, the strict demands set Forth by the new statute law make it much more hard for electronic informations to be accessed unsuitably. ( Zurita L, Nohr C. Patient sentiment: EHR appraisal from the users perspective. ( Stud Health Technol Inform. ) Not merely acts do interchanging electronic wellness informations secure but besides many infirmaries and doctors are implementing rigorous regulations like no tolerance punishments for employees who entree files unsuitably. For illustration, a infirmary in Arizona terminated several employees after they unsuitably accessed the records of victims who were hospitalized after the January 2011 hiting affecting a US Congresswoman. ( Innes S. ) Although privateness will probably go on to be a concern for patients, many stairss are being taken by policymakers and single organisations to guarantee that EHRs comply with the rigorous Torahs and ordinances intended to guarantee the privateness of clinical information.Decrease face-to-face clip with patients, depersonalize brushsEHRs may do several unintended effects, such as increased medical mistakes, negative emotions, alterations in power construction, and overdependence on engineering. ( Campbell EM, Sittig DF, Ash JS, et al. ) Research workers have found an association between increased medical mistakes and CPOE due to faulty system or untrained end-user. Additionally, end-users of an EHR may see strong emotional responses as they struggle to accommodate to new engineering and breaks in their work flow. Changes in the power construction of an organisation may besides happen due to the execution of an EHR which makes it rather more machine-controlled. For illustration, a doc tor may lose his or her liberty in doing patient determinations because an EHR blocks the ordination of certain trials or medicines. Overdependence on engineering may besides go an issue for suppliers as they become more reliant upon itInvention credence:The beginnings of attitude and behaviour day of the month back to every bit early as 1862, when psychologists began developing theories demoing how attitude wedged behaviour. Those surveies by societal psychologists continued and in 1925, many new theories emerged proposing that â€Å" attitudes could explicate human actions † ( Ajzen & A ; Fishbein, 1980, p. 13 ) Several theoretical accounts have been developed and utilized to analyse the credence of engineering. Some of the of import theoretical accounts are as follows-Theory of Reasoned Action ( TRA )Harmonizing to this theoretical account, a individual ‘s behaviour is determined by his/her behavioural purposes ( BI ) to execute that behaviour. That BI is itself determined by both a individual ‘s attitude toward the behaviour and subjective norm refering the behaviour.Theory of Planned Behavior ( TPB )The theory of planned behaviour was proposed by Icek Ajzen in 1985 through his article â€Å" From purposes to actions: A theory of planned behaviour. † The theory was developed from the theory of sound action, which was proposed by Martin Fishbein together with Icek Ajzen in 1975. Harmonizing to the theory of sound action, if people evaluate the suggested behaviour as positive ( attitude ) , and if they think their important others want them to execute the behaviour ( subje ctive norm ) , this consequences in a higher purpose ( motive ) and they are more likely to make so.Technology Acceptance Model ( TAM )Based on the theory of sound Action, Davis ( 1986 ) developed the Technology Acceptance Model which deals more specifically with the anticipation of the acceptableness of an information system. This theoretical account suggests that the acceptableness of an information system is determined by two chief factors: perceived usefulness and sensed easiness of usage. Perceived utility is defined as being the grade to which a individual believes that the usage of a system will better his public presentation. Perceived easiness of usage refers to the grade to which a individual believes that the usage of a system will be effortless Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology ( UTAUT ) The UTAUT purposes to explicate user purposes to utilize an information system and subsequent use behaviour. The theory holds that four key concepts ( public presentation anticipation, attempt anticipation, societal influence, and easing conditions ) are direct determiners of usage purpose and behavior. Gender, age, experience, and voluntariness of usage are posited to intercede the impact of the four key concepts on usage purpose and behaviour.Factors Affecting EMR AcceptanceAcceptance is defined as the willingness within a user group to use information engineering to the undertakings it is designed to back up ( Dillon & A ; Morris, 1996 ) . Many research workers have stressed the importance of credence survey. For illustration, Kirk ( 2003 ) urged pressing actions on supplying legal and societal model for credence andintroduction of EMR. Likewise, Gefen ( 2003 ) , Zdon ( 1998 ) , Anderson ( 1997 ) , Moore ( 1996 ) , Baroudi ( 1986 ) , Bardram ( 1997 ) , Bowers ( 1995 ) , Graham ( 1996 ) , and Hubona ( 1996 ) , all discussed similar issue. Furthermore, past experiences show that the attempt to present EMR will ensue in failure and unforeseen effects if their proficient facets are over emphatic and their societal and organisational factors such as the user credence and the diffusion of information system are overlooked ( Gefen, 2003, Anderson, 1999, Moore, 1996 ) . Kirk ( 2003 ) has noted that presently there is no societal model for EMR credence. The closest model theoretical account, which measures perceived usefulness and sensed easiness of usage, that can be adopted is the Technology Acceptance Model ( TAM ) proposed by Davis ( 1989 ) . Tsiknakis ( 2002 ) , Einarson ( 1993 ) , and Neilder ( 1997 ) added that hapless presentation of patient ‘s informations can take to ill informed clinical professionals, medicine mistakes, inappropriate repeat of probe, unneeded referrals, and waste of clinical clip and other resources. Indeed, hapless presentation of patient ‘s information is an interface issue, which warrants more investigation.In obtaining the user credence of wellness attention, peculiarly its system interface, Rosenbaum ( 1998 ) proposed six successful techniques: Involving the user community in needs analysis and demands definition. Designating members of the user community who are involved in the system design as don ( people who receive first preparation and extended preparation ) . Conducting undertaking analysis of the full work procedure, non merely the partsinvolving the clinical information system. Performing user surveies of preliminary paper and pencil paradigms with typical users. Conducting iterative serviceability testing of consecutive paradigms. Visiting infirmaries and other scenes of usage to detect the work procedure, usage of predecessor systems, and beta-test installing Surveies statistics: There is scarce of surveies sing EMR usage in Indian context. Results of some relevant surveies are as follows- Consequence of a research done by Sequist et Al was as follows- The overall response rate was 56 % . Of reacting clinicians, 66 % felt that the EHR execution procedure was positive. One-third ( 35 % ) believed that the EHR improved overall quality of attention, with many ( 39 % ) feeling that it decreased the quality of the patient-doctor interaction. One-third of clinicians ( 34 % ) reported consistent usage of electronic reminders, and self-report that EHRs improve quality was strongly associated with increased use of the EHR ( odds ratio 3.03, 95 % assurance interval 1.05-8.8 ) . The bulk ( 87 % ) of clinicians felt that information engineering could potentially better quality of attention in rural and underserved scenes through the usage of tools such as on-line information beginnings, telemedicine plans, and electronic wellness records. In a survey conducted in the United States, the most normally cited barriers to utilize of EMR systems in infirmaries were unequal capital for purchase ( 74 % ) , care costs ( 44 % ) , opposition on the portion of doctors ( 36 % ) , ill-defined return on investing ( 32 % ) , and deficiency of handiness of trained staff ( 30 % ) . Hospitals that had adopted EMR systems were less likely to mention four of these five concerns ( all except doctors ‘ opposition ) as major barriers to acceptance than were infirmaries that had non adopted such systems. When most of the infirmaries or professionals speaking approximately high cost of EMR, a cost benefit analysis of EMR in primary attention done by Wang et Al shows, In the 5-year cost-benei ¬?t theoretical account ( Table 3 ) , the net benei ¬?t of implementing a full electronic medical record system was $ 86,400 per supplier. Of this sum, nest eggs in drug outgos made up the largest proportion of the benei ¬?ts ( 33 % of the sum ) . Of the staying classs, about half of the entire nest eggs came from decreased radiology use ( 17 % ) , decreased charge mistakes ( 15 % ) and betterments in charge gaining control ( 15 % ) . Though non all benei ¬?ts of an electronic medical record are mensurable in i ¬?nancial footings ; other benei ¬?ts include improved quality of attention, reduced medical mistakes, and better entree to information.CURRENT SCENARIO IN INDIAThe Department of Information Technology ( DIT ) , Ministry of Communication an Information Technology ( MCIT ) have funded several undertakings during the past decennary for development of IT based Healthcare solutions. During the class of these undertakings, the demand for a standard EHR for the state has been strongly felt for interoperable health-care solutions. During the meetings of the National Knowledge Commission for making the national wellness information sciences vision for India, the demand for standard EHR with unafraid storage and entree of EHRs in a storage system crossing. TheA currentA wayA ofA developingA andA usingA healthcareA informationA storeA systemsA hasA led toA aA chaoticA stateA ofA affairsA dueA toA followingA grounds: aˆ? TheyA haveA beenA developedA independentlyA andA doA notA easilyA interoperateA withA each other. aˆ? TheyA followA theirA ownA conventionA ofA making, A maintaining, A andA storingA Electronic HealthA RecordsA ( EHRs ) A ofA patients. aˆ? IfA aA patientA isA treatedA atA differentA hospitalsA atA differentA cases, A differentA EHRs areA generatedA andA storedA forA theA sameA patientA byA theA twoA differentA information systemsA inA useA atA theA twoA hospitals.A AA singleA EHRA forA anA individualA isA desirable irrespectiveA ofA his/herA timeA andA placeA ofA intervention. aˆ? EachA systemA hasA itsA ownA wayA ofA creatingA andA managingA itsA storageA ofA EHRs. Obviously, A such A an A information A shop A is A based A on A both A relational A database engineering, A due A to its A ubiquitousness A and A adulthood A in A pull offing A big A volume A of information, A andA mediaA storageA package, A forA exampleA XrayA pictureA file awaying. DifferentA systemsA useA differentA relationalA databasesA andA differentA mediaA storage softwareA makingA dataA transferA acrossA systemsA impossible/inconvenient. aˆ? MostA ofA theA existingA systemsA useA centralizedA storage, A leadingA toA limitedA scalability andA poorA reliabilityA ( singleA pointA ofA failure ) . AsA aA consequence, A itA hasA becomeA difficultA toA exchangeA EHRsA acrossA differentA systemsA andA to haveA aA unifiedA informationA systemA toA dealA withA oneA EHRA perA person, A irrespective ofA theA timeA andA placeA ofA treatmentA ofA anA person.